JULY 26 2014-
The last time I did that was some 15 years ago, in a couple of columns in which I suggested that compromises should be sought in the socially destructive warfare around it. I got whacked from both sides.
Two responses, one from a pro-choicer and one from a pro-lifer, have stuck in my mind ever since because they used exactly the same words to object. “Your words frightened me,” they both said.
Such fragile absolutism, such fear of even talking about it, is what gives me a fright, on this and others of our societal debates — and it has gotten worse since. Who knew that even suggesting peace talks could be so scary? In a non-debate dominated by absolutes, the dynamic is like that of Israel and Hamas, where the presumed solution is wiping out the other guy.
But that’s not going to happen. And although the little facts about abortion are mostly in dispute, here are a couple of big, indisputable facts for both sides to chew on.
First, the law on abortion is not going to change. If Stephen Harper couldn’t even allow debate on it from within his own religious fundamentalist-based party, it’s not going to happen. The pro-life side should start by understanding that.
Second, opposition to abortion is not going to disappear, either. The law is not going to bind the consciences of either citizens or doctors and nurses who object and will resist. Abortion is never going to be a technical, untroubled business-as-usual affair. The pro-choice side should start with that.
Meanwhile, the news on the peace front got worse recently as the Liberal party required its candidates to swear to support the existing pro-choice law. This is superficially reasonable, since that’s the party’s position, and in fact the broad public’s position.
However, since no such vote is going to happen, why stir up the bottom for nothing? Second, the move attempts to reduce abortion to a mere political/legal matter whereas it’s a far vaster moral/societal one. The net effect will not be to put the issue to bed, but to deepen the social divisions around it.
I’m presuming there’ll be a new government after the next election, probably Liberal, making a fresh start. Here’s what presumed prime minister Justin Trudeau could do to set things right. Seek out one or more retired female judges of impeccable credentials to carry out an inquiry, first to establish the facts about abortion beyond the rhetoric of both sides, but with the ultimate aim of exploring ways to actually talk about it, of finding possible points of societal bargaining and elaborating a mechanism for doing it.
For example, the pro-choice movement bemoans the fact that abortion is legal but difficult to obtain in many places, notably the Maritimes where the Morgentaler clinic in Fredericton is closing.
Would the pro-life side be willing to relent in its opposition to more access in exchange for the pro-choice side admitting that abortion is not a good and desirable thing in itself — that 100,000 abortions a year in Canada is too many — and be willing to co-operate in changing the tone and trying to bring those numbers down?
An incentive might be that, according to a University of Ottawa website on the subject, there are fewer and fewer doctors actually willing and available to do abortions.
Am I dreaming? In the U.S., the corrosive warfare is increasing. We’re on that path, too, since we’re always just a few steps behind what’s going on there. To get off that path would be a victory, not only regarding abortion but other divisive societal issues.
The polls show that up to 80 per cent of Canadians support the law as is. The polls over time, however, also show that just as many abhor the idea of abortion and basically wish it didn’t exist. They support legal abortion because they don’t want to send it into the back alleys — a recognition that there will always be abortions no matter what the law is.
My hypothetical inquiry might even dabble into larger philosophical questions regarding population dynamics. The large justification for abortion comes under the banner of “a woman’s right to choose.” This is indeed a powerful principle. But it is also true that no woman is an island, and there are bigger questions attached.
For example, there are couples so desperate for children that they spend tens of thousands of dollars and undergo all kinds of hazards to adopt abroad; medical science goes to heroic lengths to save premature babies at younger and younger ages, and to stimulate infertile women. And yet we abort 100,000. Is there a disconnect there?
I repeat: can we talk?
Let me attempt something foolhardy and see what happens — try to talk about abortion.
------------------------------
JUNE23- JUSTIN.... MUSLIM'S AND ABORTION- AND EVEN MORE-MEN NOT TAKING PART IN LIFE CHOICES OF THEIR ...CHILD 2 BE...??? R U SERIOUS? Abortion and only women make the decision of have the child or not??? seriously Justin?
-------------------
June 12 2014:- NEW ARTICLESAbortion rights: significant moments in Canadian history ...
Friday, July 25, 2014 - 4:02pm | ralph Surette
The last time I did that was some 15 years ago, in a couple of columns in which I suggested that compromises should be sought in the socially destructive warfare around it. I got whacked from both sides.
Two responses, one from a pro-choicer and one from a pro-lifer, have stuck in my mind ever since because they used exactly the same words to object. “Your words frightened me,” they both said.
Such fragile absolutism, such fear of even talking about it, is what gives me a fright, on this and others of our societal debates — and it has gotten worse since. Who knew that even suggesting peace talks could be so scary? In a non-debate dominated by absolutes, the dynamic is like that of Israel and Hamas, where the presumed solution is wiping out the other guy.
But that’s not going to happen. And although the little facts about abortion are mostly in dispute, here are a couple of big, indisputable facts for both sides to chew on.
First, the law on abortion is not going to change. If Stephen Harper couldn’t even allow debate on it from within his own religious fundamentalist-based party, it’s not going to happen. The pro-life side should start by understanding that.
Second, opposition to abortion is not going to disappear, either. The law is not going to bind the consciences of either citizens or doctors and nurses who object and will resist. Abortion is never going to be a technical, untroubled business-as-usual affair. The pro-choice side should start with that.
Meanwhile, the news on the peace front got worse recently as the Liberal party required its candidates to swear to support the existing pro-choice law. This is superficially reasonable, since that’s the party’s position, and in fact the broad public’s position.
However, since no such vote is going to happen, why stir up the bottom for nothing? Second, the move attempts to reduce abortion to a mere political/legal matter whereas it’s a far vaster moral/societal one. The net effect will not be to put the issue to bed, but to deepen the social divisions around it.
I’m presuming there’ll be a new government after the next election, probably Liberal, making a fresh start. Here’s what presumed prime minister Justin Trudeau could do to set things right. Seek out one or more retired female judges of impeccable credentials to carry out an inquiry, first to establish the facts about abortion beyond the rhetoric of both sides, but with the ultimate aim of exploring ways to actually talk about it, of finding possible points of societal bargaining and elaborating a mechanism for doing it.
For example, the pro-choice movement bemoans the fact that abortion is legal but difficult to obtain in many places, notably the Maritimes where the Morgentaler clinic in Fredericton is closing.
Would the pro-life side be willing to relent in its opposition to more access in exchange for the pro-choice side admitting that abortion is not a good and desirable thing in itself — that 100,000 abortions a year in Canada is too many — and be willing to co-operate in changing the tone and trying to bring those numbers down?
An incentive might be that, according to a University of Ottawa website on the subject, there are fewer and fewer doctors actually willing and available to do abortions.
Am I dreaming? In the U.S., the corrosive warfare is increasing. We’re on that path, too, since we’re always just a few steps behind what’s going on there. To get off that path would be a victory, not only regarding abortion but other divisive societal issues.
The polls show that up to 80 per cent of Canadians support the law as is. The polls over time, however, also show that just as many abhor the idea of abortion and basically wish it didn’t exist. They support legal abortion because they don’t want to send it into the back alleys — a recognition that there will always be abortions no matter what the law is.
My hypothetical inquiry might even dabble into larger philosophical questions regarding population dynamics. The large justification for abortion comes under the banner of “a woman’s right to choose.” This is indeed a powerful principle. But it is also true that no woman is an island, and there are bigger questions attached.
For example, there are couples so desperate for children that they spend tens of thousands of dollars and undergo all kinds of hazards to adopt abroad; medical science goes to heroic lengths to save premature babies at younger and younger ages, and to stimulate infertile women. And yet we abort 100,000. Is there a disconnect there?
I repeat: can we talk?
Let me attempt something foolhardy and see what happens — try to talk
about abortion. The last time I did that was some 15 years ago, in a couple of
columns in which I suggested that compromises should be sought in the socially
destructive..
-------------------
Islam
is Anti-Abortion - Murder of the Innocent is Haram
------------------------------
JUNE23- JUSTIN.... MUSLIM'S AND ABORTION- AND EVEN MORE-MEN NOT TAKING PART IN LIFE CHOICES OF THEIR ...CHILD 2 BE...??? R U SERIOUS? Abortion and only women make the decision of have the child or not??? seriously Justin?
Jun
23 2014 — Mississauga
News
Everything about the annual Ahmadiyya muslim
convention, which draws some 20,000 Muslims to Mississauga each year, is on a
grand scale. The event, which took place last weekend, takes over every hall of
the sprawling International Centre and includes separate rooms — and separate
entrances — for men and women. An army of volunteers wearing […]
-------------------
"What the F**K is up with Justin Trudeau- if there is and end of life abortion 2b considered- our sons better have the right 2 have a say..... and of supporting .... ???? WTF- Justin- just when we sorta try 2 like the liberals again... Trudeau pulls this sheeeeet....???? 34 seats...liberals.... NDP...100 seats.... tories...265...??? come on Justin- come on...
www.journalpioneer.com/News/Local/2014-05-09/article-3718076/P.E.I...
Federal Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau wants his MPs to be pro-choice ... future candidates do not vote in favour of
making abortion services less ... June 11, 2014.
And...
Justin Trudeau faces scrutiny on abortion, prostitution, physician-assisted
death
Jun 12 2014 — Lee Berthiaume — Ottawa Citizen — Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau’s
social values were back under the microscope Wednesday as he faced a media
grilling on abortion, prostitution and doctor-assisted death. But while Trudeau
reiterated it is not for “male legislators” to take away a woman’s right to
choose to end a pregnancy, he refused to commit to a position on the […]
------------------
ONE BILLION RISING- GIRLS AND WOMEN MATTER ON THIS PLANET...
One Billion Rising Halifax 2013- ST. MARY'S UNIVERSITY- We got ur backs girls.... women.... ladies...gals.... we got ur backs
This event at Saint Mary's University was organized in part, to bring awareness to this years production of the acclaimed play The Vagina Monologues. One Billion Rising is also a celebration of progress in the work to end domestic violence.
We rise too, as a reminder that the discussion and activism need to continue.
HEY WORLD.... let get it right this time... and make sure that women and children and prenatal women/girls have basic and clean health care and wellness..... FIRST???... we learned this the hard way... 60s, 70s and 80s....and Canada made Abortion law in Canada in 1988... and we learned that we need 2 fix our own first... and help with simple basics... like food, safety, health, education in hard parts of the world first- and see results- it's 2014- and religion DOES MATTER FOLKS GLOBALLY AND IN CANADA... AS POLITICIANS WILL SEE FROM THE SILENT MAJORITY AT ELECTIONS.. ... it's time 2 help with basic needs in Canada and globally- we need 2 get this done imho..
U are a child of the universe- no less than the trees and the stars- u have a right 2 be here....
CHILD OF THE UNIVERSE (Lyrics) Desiderata by Max Ehrmann
Desiderata
Go placidly amid the noise and haste, and remember what peace there may be in silence.
As far as possible without surrender be on good terms with all persons.
Speak your truth quietly and clearly; and listen to others, even the dull and ignorant; they too have their story.
Avoid loud and aggressive persons, they are vexations to the spirit.
If you compare yourself with others, you may become vain and bitter;
for always there will be greater and lesser persons than yourself.
Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans.
Keep interested in your career, however humble; it is a real possession in the changing fortunes of time.
Exercise caution in your business affairs; for the world is full of trickery.
But let this not blind you to what virtue there is; many persons strive for high ideals;
and everywhere life is full of heroism.
Be yourself.
Especially, do not feign affection.
Neither be critical about love; for in the face of all aridity and disenchantment it is as perennial as the grass.
Take kindly the counsel of the years, gracefully surrendering the things of youth.
Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden misfortune. But do not distress yourself with imaginings.
Many fears are born of fatigue and loneliness. Beyond a wholesome discipline, be gentle with yourself.
You are a child of the universe, no less than the trees and the stars;
you have a right to be here.
And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should.
Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be,
and whatever your labors and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life keep peace with your soul.
With all its sham, drudgery and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world. Be careful. Strive to be happy.
Max Ehrmann 1927
-------------------
In
Canada- we fought so many good fights and IN CANADA (am a product of the 60s and 70s and 80s)- WOMEN EQUAL MEN....
PERIOD... USA DOES NOT... NOR UNITED
NATIONS FOLKS.... until women are
considered equal by these bragging nations and world organization- all we will continue 2 see is
indifference.... we have made our Canada a proud and dignified place for women,
men and children.... and now we are stepping up 4 mental health wellness and
healing... IMHO
"Walk
A Mile In My Shoes"
(As
recorded by Joe South)
If I
could be you and you could be me for just one hour
If
we could find a way to get inside each other's mind
If
you could see me through your eyes instead of your ego
I
believe you'd be surprised to see that you'd been blind.
Walk
a mile in my shoes, walk a mile in my shoes
And
before you abuse, criticize and accuse
Walk
a mile in my shoes.
Now
your whole world you see around you is just a reflection
And
the law of common says you reap just what you sow
So
unless you've lived a life of total perfection
You'd
better be careful of every stone that you throw.
Walk
a mile in my shoes, walk a mile in my shoes
And
before you abuse, criticize and accuse
Walk
a mile in my shoes.
And
yet we spend the day throwing stones at one another
'Cause
I don't think or wear my hair the same way you do
Well
I may be common people but I'm your brother
And
when you strike out and try to hurt me its a-hurtin' you.
Walk
a mile in my shoes, walk a mile in my shoes
And
before you abuse, criticize and accuse
Walk
a mile in my shoes.
There
are people on reservations and out in the ghettos
And
brother there but for the grace of God go you and I
If I
only had the wings of a little angel
Don't
you know I'd fly to the top of the mountain, and then I'd cry.
Walk
a mile in my shoes, walk a mile in my shoes
And
before you abuse, criticize and accuse
Walk
a mile in my shoes.
JOE
SOUTH- " WALK A MILE IN MY SHOES "
------------
World Religions and Populations- NEVER UNDERESTIMATE RELIGONS and please respect nations and their cultures and values ... even if we do NOT agree..... let's fix our own homes and country... don't u think.
BEEN
THERE...DONE THAT- HARPER'S RIGHT ON THIS SUCKER- and frankly.... globally
pushing this agenda has destroyed so many women's lives in hard parts of the
world that feel WOMEN ARE LESS IMPORTANT THAN THEIR DOGS, CATTLE, HORSES OR
CAMELS... SERIOUSLY..... HAVE U CHECKED THE WORLD NATIONS ... and helpless
women over 2 billion who have no say over their lives and hardships.... WHO
NEED PRENATAL CARE... PERIOD!!!... come on world.... we have been there...
...
a woman's right to choose abortion, ... of Canada, you
will be voting for a party that ... the former Conservative Party
Executive Director ...
------------
...
The Supreme Court of Canada strikes down Canada's abortion
law as ... The Supreme Court rules that a man has no legal right
to veto a woman's abortion ...
-------------
Abortion was illegal in Canada
until 1969 when the Canadian Parliament passed a law that allowed
abortion in ... no right of abortion can be found in Canadian
...
----------
Abortion is not a crime
in Canada. ... Abortion Law in Canada. ...
"Everyone has the right to life, ...
-------------
...
The Supreme Court of Canada strikes down Canada's abortion
------------
In
advance of this Wednesday’s vote on the Conservative motion to reopen the abortion
debate, New Democrats reiterated their commitment to protect women’s right ...
---------------
Trudeau
calls abortion stance 'a position of principle'
Josh Elliott, CTVNews.ca
Published Sunday, June 1, 2014 11:55AM
EDT
Last Updated Sunday, June 1, 2014 1:38PM
EDT
Federal
Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau isn’t backing down from his stance on abortion,
saying that party members will be expected to vote pro-choice in the House of
Commons, no matter their personal or religious beliefs.
“This
is about democracy,” Trudeau told CTV’s Question Period in an interview that
aired Sunday. “This is about choice, and protecting that choice.”
Trudeau
said the Liberals’ new policy, that MPs must vote in favour of pro-choice
legislation, doesn’t mean the party is necessarily weeding out anti-abortion
candidates.
Liberal
Leader Justin Trudeau on Question Period, aired Sunday, June 1, 2014.
“People
are allowed to have their personal views, and are, of course, encouraged to
have a wide range of personal views,” he said. “But when it comes to
legislating away a woman’s right to choose, the Liberal Party simply will not
accept that. No vote by the Liberal Party can ever take away those fundamental
rights that women need to enjoy in Canada.”
Trudeau
faced criticism from rival parties and, more recently, from one of his own MPs
after he told reporters last month that anti-abortion party candidates would be
barred during the nomination process.
Last
week, Liberal John McKay, a Toronto MP who opposes abortion, was overheard
slamming Trudeau’s policy remarks in a private conversation.
“I
initially thought it was a bozo eruption, that he didn’t actually think about
what he said,” McKay is heard saying in an audio recording obtained by CTV
News. “I’ve had umpteen conversations with so many people about this. It’s
driving me crazy.”
Trudeau
told Question Period that he understands McKay feels “very, very strongly”
about the issue, but said the Liberal Party needs to be “unequivocal” about its
stance.
“We
need to stand up and defend women’s rights and Charter rights,” Trudeau said.
“This
is not a position about trying to gain votes or trying to play a certain angle.
This is very much a position of principle.”
Trudeau
also responded to criticism that he released major party policy in a reporter
scrum, saying that at the time, he was responding to a direct question about
pro-rights activists taking over the Liberal Party.
Trudeau
told Question Period that his party’s stance on anti-abortion candidates was
already in effect before his comments in the scrum.
He
said the Liberals had already conducted about 100 “green light” nomination
interviews before the announcement was made, during which interviewees were
asked about their stance on abortion. The intention was not to eliminate
anti-abortion candidates from the nomination process, he added, but to ensure
that they would vote with the party on all abortion-related issues.
Trudeau
also responded to comments made by Prime Minister Stephen Harper at this week’s
maternal health summit, during which the PM said abortion was too “divisive” to
fund.
“If
we want to address maternal health around the world, women need to have access
to a full range of reproductive services and options,” Trudeau said.
The
Harper government has pledged $3.5 billion over the next six years to improve
maternal, child and newborn health around the world.
-------
BLOGGED: from a tattered and tarnished Canadian Roman
Catholic- Canada's Religious history- honour our past 2 honour our future-
good, bad, ugly and even.. in 2da's world- indifference...\
CANADA:
True Patriot Love Foundation launches Highway of Heroes concert tour
CANADA
MILITARY NEWS: Oct 2013-POPE FRANCIS-cover of Rolling Stone-Time-The Advocate
winning the hearts of billions Jan 2014- Our Catholic-Christian Faith in
Canada/Pope Francis and Canada's love of our CANADA GAY MILITARY CHAPLAIN
GENERAL and our military/love of our Jewish and Muslim brothers and sisters and
our Canadian history/Dr.Lockeridge 1976/Latin/Rosary - we are Canadian -God is
Angry- WATER MORE PRECIOUS THAN GOLD- Pope Francis
------------
Religion
in Canada
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump
to: navigation, search
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Religion
in Canada
encompasses a wide range of groups and beliefs.[1] The majority of Canadians are Christians, with
the Roman Catholic
Church being the biggest denomination of Canadian Christians.
Christians, representing 67% of the population, are followed by people with no religion with
24% of the population.[2]
Rates of religious adherence are steadily decreasing.[3][4] The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
refers to "God", and the monarch carries the title of "Defender of the Faith".
However, Canada has no official religion, and support for religious pluralism
and freedom
of religion is an important part of Canada's
political culture.[5][6]
Before
the European colonization Aboriginal religions were largely animistic, including
an intense reverence for spirits
and nature.[7] The French
colonization beginning in the 17th century established a Roman
Catholic francophone
population in Acadia
and in New France
later Lower Canada,
now Nova Scotia
and Quebec. It has
been followed by a British colonization that brought Anglicans and other Protestants to Upper Canada, now
Ontario.
With
Christianity on decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian
culture and daily life, Canada has come to enter a post-Christian
period in a secular
state.[8][9][10]
The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout
society and within the state.[11]
Additionally a majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant, but
still believe in God.[12]
-----------------
-----------------
What
Does Islam Say About Abortion,can Allah Forgive? by shiloh(f): 10:40am On Apr
06, 2012
Pls
learned brothers and sisters in the house i will like to knw what islam says
about the above topic. And if commited,how do one make taubah. Jazakallahu
khairan
Re:
What Does Islam Say About Abortion,can Allah Forgive? by LagosShia: 11:03am On
Apr 06, 2012
Therapeutic
abortion in Islam: contemporary views of Muslim Shiite scholars and effect of
recent Iranian legislation
full
article,here:
Abortion
is forbidden under normal circumstances by nearly all the major world
religions. Traditionally, abortion was not deemed permissible by Muslim
scholars. Shiite scholars considered it forbidden after implantation of the
fertilised ovum. However, Sunni scholars have held various opinions on the
matter, but all agreed that after 4 months gestation abortion was not
permitted. In addition, classical Islamic scholarship had only considered
threats to maternal health as a reason for therapeutic abortion. Recently,
scholars have begun to consider the effect of severe fetal deformities on the
mother, the families and society. This has led some scholars to reconsider the
prohibition on abortion in limited circumstances. This article reviews the Islamic
basis for the prohibition of abortion and the reasons for its justification.
Contemporary rulings from leading Shiite scholars and from the Sunni school of
thought are presented and reviewed. The status of abortion in Muslim countries
is reviewed, with special emphasis on the therapeutic abortion law passed by
the Iranian Parliament in 2003. This law approved therapeutic abortion before
16 weeks of gestation under limited circumstances, including medical conditions
related to fetal and maternal health. Recent measures in Iran provide an
opportunity for the Muslim scholars in other countries to review their
traditional stance on abortion.
All
the major world religions consider life to be sacred, beginning with conception
and ending with death. Islam is no exception in this matter. Traditionally,
abortion has been considered to be absolutely forbidden or to be treated with
strong disdain and limited to certain circumstances. The Catholic church does
not allow abortion under any circumstances. However, abortion is not considered
to be morally objectionable when the treatment given to save the life of the
mother results in an abortion.1 The Protestant viewpoint is heterogeneous with
evangelical sects opposing abortion and more liberal ones allowing it.2 Buddhists
also oppose abortion, although there is no official stance but rather a general
opposition to harming any life.3 Judaism allows abortion when the life of the
mother is threatened,4 but otherwise considers it to be forbidden.5Islam is
unique among world religions in that the embryological development of humans
has been extensively discussed and described in the divine scripture, the
Quran, and commented on in detail by Prophet Muhammad and the Imams, exemplary
teachers who are descendents of Prophet Muhammad. Islam is a codified religion,
the basis of which is derived from the Quran and the records of Prophet
Muhammad's sayings (hadith) and rulings (fatwas) as judge and head of the
city-state of Medina, in the Arabian Peninsula. Muslim jurisprudents continued,
throughout the ages, to derive rules and methods of deducing new rulings as new
issues arose. This allowed Islamic law to be flexible in its application and
accommodating towards certain local customs and needs. The issue of
non-therapeutic and therapeutic abortion is no exception.The prevalent and
widespread practice of abortion in nearly all industrialised countries and many
developing countries has been equated with the “culture of death”.6 The
estimated rates of abortion in the industrialised world include Russia (58.2%),
China (27.1%), Sweden (25.7%), New Zealand (24.8%), the US (24.3%), Canada
(24.2%), Japan (22.2%), Australia (22.5%), the UK (21.8%), France (21.3%) and
Italy (19.1%).7 Additionally, in Vietnam and Cuba, abortions occur at nearly
2–3 times the world average rate of abortion for every 1000 women of
child-bearing age.8 Asia accounts for 50% of the world's population, but 60% of
all abortions.7,9In developing countries, undeniable pressures owing to limited
economies and burgeoning populations have contributed considerably to the
wanton taking of human life. Along with this are the increased social services,
housing and healthcare needs, employment needs and, finally, social security
and retirement needs. Abortion has become a reality, often carried out in
unsanitary conditions, with great risk to the life of the mother and without
the knowledge of the immediate family members or consent of the father of the
child.This article presents an overview of the concept of abortion in Islam by
examining the source material of Quranic verses and hadithes, mainly from the
Shiite point of view. It presents contemporary rulings of Shiite jurisprudents
on abortion and concludes with a case study of the recent parliamentary laws
passed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which allow therapeutic as well as
non-therapeutic abortions during the first 4 months of gestation, under certain
circumstances. Iran is the only Islamic Republic whose legal system is founded
solely on Shiite Islamic law or shari'a, but which also allows democratic
representation. This article also considers some of the reasons behind recent
changes in Iran's legal system with regard to abortion. For the sake of
definition, therapeutic abortions are defined as “those recommended by the
healthcare provider to protect the mother's physical or mental health”.10
Shiite
scholars and sources of Islamic rulings
The
Shiites, unlike the Sunni Muslims, have a series of scholars, Ayatollahs, who
are the most senior jurists qualified to make new rulings on issues of
contention when they attain the level of “ijtihad”. For issuing new rulings
based on the Quran, hadithes and logic, they go through a standard and rigorous
training lasting more than 30 years and receive letters of attestation from other
Ayatollahs on their qualifications for issuing new rulings. Qualified scholars
are regarded as independent and differ from their contemporaries in individual
rulings. To follow Islamic injunctions in day-to-day matters, a Muslim who is
not trained in Islamic law may pose a question to an Ayatollah and receive an
appropriate response. The rulings noted later were in response to specific
questions asked by people, but may be generalised to the general populace.
Pregnancy
and stages of fetal development according to Islamic sources
Pregnancy,
according to Shi'i Islamic teachings from the seventh century onwards, begins
when the fertilised ovum (nutfah) settles in the uterus, and not before it.
This view was elaborated on in the classical fiqh (jurisprudence) by the author
of Shahr al-Lum'a, and in contemporary times by Ayatollahs Khomeini and
Khu'i.11,12 Five distinct stages of embryonic development are discussed in the
Quran :
And
certainly We created man of an extract of clay, then We made him a small seed
(nutfah) in a firm resting-place (the uterine wall), then We made the seed a
clot (‘alaqah), then We made the clot a lump of flesh (mudhghah), then We made
(in) the lump of flesh bones (‘idham), then We clothed the bones with flesh
(lahim) …” (23:12–14).
In the
science of hadith and jurisprudence, the term “nutfah” refers to both the male
sperm and the fertilised embryo and is distinguished from the context of its
use. Thus the first stage, nutfah starts with conception and ends 40 days after
implantation. Each stage lasts 40 days (see below). Thus, at 200 days of age,
or at 28 weeks of gestation, a fetus has human proportions. The lungs have
matured enough so that it can conceivably survive outside the womb without
technological assistance.13At the end of the third period of development—that
is, the mudhghah phase, at 4 months (120 days) of gestation—the human “spirit”
(ruh) enters the body, termed “wuluj” according to Islamic metaphysics. At this
point, the fetus is referred to as “another creation” (23:14):
Then
[God] made [man] of an extract, of water held in light estimation. Then He made
him complete and breathed into him of His spirit (32:8–9).
It is
at this point and after it that abortion is absolutely forbidden unless the
life of the mother is threatened by the continuation of pregnancy. There are
hadithes in which Prophet Muhammad ruled on paying tort for the death of a
fetus that had passed more than 4 months of gestation by induced abortion.14
The amount of tort depends on the sex of the fetus and its degree of
development. Regardless of the amount of tort, all the people participating in
the abortion are encouraged to seek forgiveness for their deeds according to
Islamic ethics. There are other quotations from Prophet Muhammad in which it is
said that the angels come to the nutfah at 40 days of gestation to determine
its fate.15As abortion is an act that terminates a pregnancy, accordingly,
non-therapeutic or elective abortion can be regarded as the termination of
pregnancy for non-life-threatening reasons, which is generally not permitted in
Islam. This is consistent with the following explanation by Imam Ali Zaynul
Abideen, the great grandson of Prophet Mohammad. When asked about when an
intentional miscarriage would be considered to be an abortion, he replied,
“after the stage of nutfah”, explaining, “A nutfah is a substance which, when
placed in the womb, settles down in it for forty days.”16 Regardless, the
Islamic ethos of respecting life does not encourage non-therapeutic abortion at
any time.
Contemporary
Islamic rulings on abortion
All
scholars, from the four Sunni and the Shiite schools of thought, agree that
after the fourth month of gestation an abortion cannot be performed unless it
is to save the mother's life. This is true, according to classical
jurisprudence17 and contemporary scholarship.18,19 The disagreements are
related to the status of the fetus before 4 months of gestation.Traditionally,
Shiite scholars did not allow abortion before 4 months either. Among contemporary
Sunni scholars, there is still disagreement on when an abortion is permissible
without payment of tort, and after which point it is no longer allowed, with
exceptions as noted earlier. There is a range of opinions on whether it is even
a sin to abort a fetus before, at the very least, 40 days. Nearly all jurists
agree that wanton abortion is to be discouraged, and that there should be a
good reason for an abortion—namely, the mother's health—even before 4 months of
gestation.20 The contemporary Shiite Ayatollahs are nearly unanimous in their
rulings on abortion before 4 months of gestation, and this is discussed in
detail later.
Abortion
before 4 months of gestation
Wanton,
non-therapeutic abortion
Contemporary
Shiite jurists consider pregnancy to begin with the implantation of the
fertilised embryo in the uterus.21 Ayatollah Khomeini22 stated, “Termination of
pregnancy even at the earliest possible stage under normal circumstances
without any reason is not allowed.” Ayatollah Khamene'i23 wrote, “The shari'a
does not permit the abortion of a fetus. In the consideration of the honorable
shari'a, there is no difference between a fetus less than or greater than four
months gestation with regard to this matter.” This holds true among all the
other contemporary Shiite scholars.
Non-therapeutic
abortion for non-medical reasons
Traditionally,
the prohibition of abortion among the Shiite scholars included non-medical
social situations. For example, again, Ayatollah Khomeini24 ruled, “Termination
of pregnancy is not allowed for economic reasons, even if that puts a family
into hardship, or the old age of mother or having many children.” Ayatollah
Khamene'i25 has not allowed it when the mother has a diagnosed mental illness.
However, as of late, certain social aspects have been considered. Ayatollah
Sane'i,26 who is considered to be progressive, ruled, “Any fetal or maternal
condition that brings extreme difficulties (‘usr va haraj) for the mother or
the family allows for abortion.” This is a singular ruling and there is no
consensus on this matter.
Therapeutic
abortion for medical reasons relating to the health of the mother
Therapeutic
abortion has received special consideration among the contemporary scholars
when it relates to the health of the mother. Again, Ayatollah Khomeini 27,28
ruled:
Abortion
before 4 months of pregnancy when it leads to a fatal condition for mother is
allowed, and, abortion is allowed before 4 months of pregnancy in cases where
the mother has an advanced disease as such that her life is threatened by the
continuation of pregnancy provided that a specialist physician confirms it.
Therapeutic
abortion for medical reasons relating to the health of the fetus
A
series of fatal congenital deformities may occur during embryonic development.
Contemporary scholars have not generally allowed for an abortion for this
reason. However, as we have noted above, one Ayatollah has allowed it in cases
of “extreme difficulty”. For example, Ayatollah Makarim-Shirazi29 stated, “It's
problematic to abort the fetus (in cases of deformity), particularly because
you cannot be absolutely certain that the deformities are not compatible with
life.” Ayatollah Fazel-Lankarani30 has allowed the fetus to be aborted before 4
months of development if it is dying from a maternal illness. Ayatollah
Khamene'i31 initially did not approve of therapeutic abortions based on
probability of deformity:
The
likelihood of bearing a deformed fetus does not allow for it to be aborted.
However, if a trustworthy physician attests that there is a concern that the
life of the mother is in danger, the fetus may be aborted before the spirit is
breathed into it (i.e. four months gestation).
He
has, however, allowed the abortion of a deformed fetus under limited
circumstances. A questioner wrote, “Is it permissible for a woman to abort a
deformed fetus when she requires special assistance in delivering it,
especially granted that she had a similar experience with past pregnancies?” In
reply he wrote, “To the degree necessary, such a procedure, with the husband's
consent, is not forbidden, but you must avoid any impermissible action that may
result from undergoing the abortion.”32
Therapeutic
abortion after 4 months of gestation
we
have noted, abortion is not allowed after 4 months of gestation unless the
mother's life is in danger. Ayatollah Fazel-Lankarani33 says,
Aborting
a fetus is not allowed under any circumstances after the spirit has been
breathed into the fetus, and before this time it is not allowed unless the
mother's life is in danger.
According
to Imam Khomeini,34 abortion for saving the life of the mother is allowed,
whereas abortion is not allowed in the case of a mentally slow mother if her
life is not endangered.35
Abortion
in Islamic countries
In
all, there are 57 members in the Organization of Islamic Conference—an
organisation of countries with Muslim majorities or pluralities.36 Most Muslim
countries have restrictive abortion laws that permit abortions only when the
life of the mother is threatened.37 Twelve members of the Organization of
Islamic Conference allow unrestricted access to abortion. With the exception of
Turkey and Tunisia, they are mainly former Soviet Bloc states. Bahrain, a
politically and socially conservative Muslim state, is the 12th among these
countries to permit unrestricted access to abortion. Among socially
conservative Muslim countries, seven countries permit abortion in the first 4
months of gestation for fetal deformities, four countries in subSaharan Africa
(Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Guinea) and three in the Middle East (Kuwait,
Qatar and, now, Iran).
Contemporary
abortion policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran
is the first Islamic country in contemporary times that has attempted to
combine principles of theocracy and religious law with representative,
parliamentary democracy. People vote for representatives to the unicameral
legislative body, the Majlis-e Shura. They debate and pass laws independent of
the executive and judiciary branches. The laws passed must, however, go before
a special body, Majlis-e Negahban, the Guardian council. This council,
comprising six jurists, chosen by the supreme religious leader, and six
lawyers, chosen by the parliament, examines laws for conformity to contemporary
religious rulings, according to Articles 71 and 96 of the Iranian
Constitution.38 If a part of the bill violates Islamic rulings, it is sent back
for amendment before ratification. If the impasse still cannot be resolved, it
may be sent to the Expediency Council (Majma' Tashkhis-e Maslahat-e Nezam), a
mediating body, for further deliberations before final approval or rejection.
According
to an official notification from the head of the judiciary, dated Winter 1383
(December 2003–March 2004), to the National Legal Medicine Organization
(Sazman-e Pezeshki-e Qanooni-e Keshvar), therapeutic abortion may be performed
under 51 medical conditions (see boxes 1, 2). This notification was forwarded
by the National Medical Council (Nizam-e Pezeshki), legally allowing doctors to
practise abortion in conditions mentioned in the notification.39 The Majlis-e
Shura-e Islami (Islamic Consultative Assembly or Parliament), in July 2004,
also legislated a bill regarding therapeutic abortion in which approval of
three specialists is mandatory for the justification of therapeutic abortion.
The bill was initially rejected twice on technical grounds by the Guardian's
Council. The parliament amended it as per the recommendations of the Guardian's
Council on 21 June 2005.
The
final bill40 states:
Therapeutic
abortions may be performed under the following conditions. First, the fetus
must be less than four months of age, that is, before the spirit is breathed
into it. Second, the fetus must be suffering from profound developmental delay
or profound deformations or malformations. Third, these fetal problems must be
causing extreme suffering or hardship for the mother or the fetus. Fourth, the
life of the mother should be in danger. Fifth, both the mother and the father
give their consent to the procedure. The physician performing the abortion
shall not be penalized for the performance of these services.
Conclusion
In
conclusion, abortion is a generally forbidden act according to Islamic
teachings. It is permissible under certain circumstances if carried out before
ensoulment at 4 months of gestation and after that to save the life of mother.
Traditionally, the well-being of the mother was the sole consideration for
abortion. Currently, some Islamic countries, including Iran, and several Sunni
and Shiite scholars, have permitted abortions when the fetus has congenital
disorders that are profoundly debilitating or not compatible with life, or when
there are serious social or economical hardships entailed in carrying a child
to term. The therapeutic abortion legislation in the Parliament of the Islamic
Republic of Iran is a step towards crafting a legal mechanism for abortion in
accordance with the laws of Islamic Shari'a. It is of utmost importance that
safeguards against misusing this provision are scrupulously observed to
maintain the spirit of Islam's emphasis on respect for life, while recognising
the emphasis on not making religion a burden on people.
------------------
PAGE 1
AND PAGE 2
Buddhism
and Abortion
A
Buddhist Perspective on the Abortion Issue
By
Barbara O'Brien
The
U.S. has struggled with the issue of abortion for many years without coming to
consensus. We need a fresh perspective, and I believe the Buddhist view of the
abortion issue may provide one.
Buddhism
does consider abortion to be the taking of a human life. At the same time,
Buddhists generally are reluctant to intervene in a woman's personal decision
to terminate a pregnancy. Buddhism may discourage abortion, but it also
discourages imposing rigid moral absolutes.
This
may seem contradictory. In our culture, many think that if something is morally
wrong it ought to be banned. However, the Buddhist view is that the rigid
following of rules is not what makes us moral. Further, imposing authoritative
rules often creates a new set of moral wrongs.
What
About Rights?
First,
the Buddhist view of abortion does not include a concept of rights, either a
"right to life" or a "right to one's own body." In part
this is because Buddhism is a very old religion, and the concept of human
rights is relatively recent. However, approaching abortion as merely a
"rights" issue doesn't seem to be getting us anywhere.
"Rights"
are defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as "entitlements
(not) to perform certain actions or be in certain states, or entitlements that
others (not) perform certain actions or be in certain states." In this
argument, a right becomes a trump card that, when played, wins the hand and
shuts down all further consideration of the issue. However, activists both for
and against legal abortion believe their trump card beats the other side's
trump card. So nothing is settled.
When
Does Life Begin?
I'm
going to address this question with a personal observation that is not
necessarily Buddhist but is not, I think, contradictory to Buddhism.
My understanding
is that life doesn’t "begin." Scientists tell us that life got to
this planet, somehow, about 4 billion years ago, and since then life has
expressed itself in diverse forms beyond counting. But no one has observed it
"beginning." We living beings are manifestations of an unbroken
process that has been going on for 4 billion years, give or take. To me,
"When does life begin?" is a nonsensical question.
And if
you understand yourself as a culmination of a 4-billion-year-old process, then
is conception really more significant that the moment your grandfather met your
grandmother? Is any one moment in those 4 billion years really separable from
all the other moments and couplings and cell divisions going back to the first
macromolecules to life's beginning, assuming life had a beginning?
You
might ask, What about the individual soul? One of the most basic, most
essential, and most difficult teachings of Buddhism is anatman or anatta -- no
soul. Buddhism teaches that our physical bodies are not possessed of an
intrinsic self, and our persistent sense of ourselves as separate from the rest
of the universe is a delusion.
Please
understand that this is not a nihilistic teaching. The Buddha taught that if we
can see through the delusion of the small, individual self, we realize a
boundless "self" that is not subject to birth and death.
What
Is the Self?
Our
judgments on issues depend heavily on how we conceptualize them. In western
culture, we understand individuals to be autonomous units. Most religions teach
that these autonomous units are invested with a soul.
I've
already mentioned the doctrine of anatman. According to this doctrine, what we
think of as our "self" is a temporary creation of the skandhas. The
skandhas are attributes -- form, senses, cognition, discrimination,
consciousness -- that come together to create a distinctive, living being.
As
there is no soul to transmigrate from one body to another, there is no
"reincarnation" in the usual sense of the word. "Rebirth"
occurs when the karma created by a past life carries over to another life. Most
schools of Buddhism teach that conception is the beginning of the process of
rebirth and does, therefore, mark the beginning of a human being's life.
The
First Precept
The
First Precept of Buddhism often is translated "I undertake to refrain from
destroying life." Some schools of Buddhism make a distinction between
animal and plant life, and some do not. Although human life is most important,
the Precept cautions us to refrain from taking life in any of its countless
manifestations.
That
said, there is no question that terminating a pregnancy is an extremely serious
matter. Abortion is considered to be taking a human life and is strongly
discouraged in Buddhist teachings. However, I do not believe any school of
Buddhism absolutely forbids it.
Buddhism
teaches us not to impose our views on others and to have compassion for those
facing difficult situations. Although some predominantly Buddhist countries,
such as Thailand, place legal restrictions on abortion, many Buddhists do not
think the state should intervene in matters of conscience.
In the
next section, we look at what's wrong with moral absolutes.
PAGE 2
(This
is the second part of an essay on Buddhist Views of Abortion. Click
"Continued from Page 1" to read the first part.)
The
Buddhist Approach to Morality
Buddhism
does not approach morality by handing out absolute rules to be followed in all
circumstances. Instead, it provides guidance to help us see how what we do
affects ourselves and others. The karma we create with our thoughts, words and
actions keeps us subject to cause and effect. Thus, we assume responsibility
for our actions and the results of our actions. Even the Precepts are not
commandments, but princples, and it is up to us to decide how to apply those
principles to our lives.
Karma
Lekshe Tsomo, a professor of theology and a nun in the Tibetan Buddhist
tradition, explains,
"There
are no moral absolutes in Buddhism and it is recognized that ethical
decision-making involves a complex nexus of causes and conditions. 'Buddhism'
encompasses a wide spectrum of beliefs and practices, and the canonical
scriptures leave room for a range of interpretations. All of these are grounded
in a theory of intentionality, and individuals are encouraged to analyze issues
carefully for themselves. ... When making moral choices, individuals are
advised to examine their motivation--whether aversion, attachment, ignorance,
wisdom, or compassion--and to weigh the consequences of their actions in light
of the Buddha's teachings."
What's
Wrong With Moral Absolutes?
Our
culture places great value on something called "moral clarity." Moral
clarity rarely is defined, but I infer it means ignoring the messier aspects of
complex moral issues so that one can apply simple, rigid rules to solving them.
If you take all facets of an issue into account, you risk not being clear.
Moral
clarifiers love to rework all ethical problems into simple equations of right
and wrong, good and bad. There is an assumption that an issue can have only two
sides, and that one side must be entirely right and the other side entirely
wrong. Complex issues are simplified and oversimplified and stripped of all
ambiguous aspects to make them fit into "right" and "wrong"
boxes.
To a
Buddhist, this is a dishonest and unskillful way to approach morality.
In the
case of abortion, often people who have taken a side glibly dismiss the
concerns of any other side. For example, in much anti-abortion literature women
who have abortions are portrayed as selfish or thoughtless, or sometimes just
plain evil. The very real problems an unwanted pregnancy might bring to a
woman's life are not honestly acknowledged. Moralists sometimes discuss
embryos, pregnancy and abortion without mentioning women at all. At the same
time, those who favor legal abortion sometimes fail to acknowledge the humanity
of the fetus.
The
Fruits of Absolutism
Although
Buddhism discourages abortion, we see that criminalizing abortion causes much
suffering. The Alan Guttmacher Institute documents that criminalizing abortion
does not stop it or even reduce it. Instead, abortion goes underground and is
performed in unsafe conditions.
In
desperation, women submit to unsterile procedures. They drink bleach or
turpentine, perforate themselves with sticks and coat hangers, and even jump
off roofs. Worldwide, unsafe abortion procedures cause the deaths of about
67,000 women per year, mostly in nations in which abortion is illegal.
Those
with "moral clarity" can ignore this suffering. A Buddhist cannot. In
his book The Mind of Clover: Essays in Zen Buddhist Ethics, Robert Aitken Roshi
said (p.17), "The absolute position, when isolated, omits human details
completely. Doctrines, including Buddhism, are meant to be used. Beware of them
taking life of their own, for then they use us."
What
About the Baby?
My
understanding is that an individual is a phenomenon of life in the same way a
wave is a phenomenon of ocean. When the wave begins, nothing is added to the
ocean; when it ends, nothing is taken away.
Robert
Aitken Roshi wrote (The Mind of Clover, pp. 21-22),
"Sorrow
and suffering form the nature of samsara, the flow of life and death, and the
decision to prevent birth is made on balance with other elements of suffering.
Once the decision is made, there is no blame, but rather acknowledgment that
sadness pervades the whole universe, and this bit of life goes with our deepest
love."
The
Buddhist Approach
In
researching this article I found universal consensus among Buddhist ethicists
that the best approach to the abortion issue is to educate people about birth
control and encourage them to use contraceptives. Beyond that, as Karma Lekshe
Tsomo writes,
"In
the end, most Buddhists recognize the incongruity that exists between ethical
theory and actual practice and, while they do not condone the taking of life,
do advocate understanding and compassion toward all living beings, a
lovingkindness that is nonjudgmental and respects the right and freedom of
human beings to make their own choices."
---------------
Hinduism
and Abortion
April
11, 2013 By Ambaa 124 Comments
Yesterday
we had a comment from our friend Doug asking for more information about
Hinduism’s moral stances:
Can
you do a post on Hinduism’s stance on relavent moral issues (at least in
America) like abortion, same-sex marriage, contraception, etc.? From your older
posts, it sounds like Hindu morality is rather subjective and varies from
person to person. If that’s case, what’s the point? Is Hinduism even concerned
with/have a stance on these issues?
The
first thing to address is whether Hinduism has a morality. The trouble here is
that the word “Hindu” is covering an enormous range of schools, practices,
beliefs, etc. When you say “Do Christians believe that abortion is never okay?”
Well, you have to then ask, which Christians? Unitarian Universalists are
likely to be pro-choice where Catholics are likely to not be. And it’s easy to
say that your brand of Christianity is the only one that counts, the only one
that speaks for all of Christianity, but someone from another branch is busy
saying the same thing.
So
individual Hindu branches and schools may teach slightly different beliefs or
even sometimes vastly different beliefs. It’s all going to depend on who your
guru is or what lineage your tradition comes from. But it’s a religion
thousands of years older than Christianity, so yeah, of course it’s got some
thoughts on moral and ethical dilemmas of humanity!
In
general Hindus tend to be very life affirming. Peace and non-violence are huge
parts of Hinduism. The principle of “Ahimsa” which is “non-harm” is absolutely
central to Hindu teachings. However, at the same time, the scriptures have
examples of righteous and necessary war.
***
Because
of the very high reverence for life, abortion is not considered okay by Hindus.
In cases where it is necessary to save the life of the mother, it can be
utilized.
Because
of the law of karma, that baby has a role to play in this world. To kill a
fetus before it has the chance to experience and work on its karma is a
problem.
The
human embodiment is the most sacred possible birth. It is only human beings who
have the self-awareness to attain enlightenment. The stories say that souls
wait for very long periods of time to experience the human embodiment. Hindus
avoid taking that away from anyone.
However,
the mother’s life is also precious. It is said that though abortion is wrong,
it is worse for a child to kill his mother.
Again,
this is my understanding of it from my background and history. I was taught to
be “pro-life”, as it is called, but I have found in the course of living that I
could not be rigid in that. I myself will never and would never consider
getting an abortion for any reason, but at the same time I found that I could
not judge my friends who have done it. They have their lives and karma to go through
and I can’t decide their choices for them. I still respect them and know they
did the best they could. One friend prayed for the soul of her child to have a
good future embodiment.
Our
friend Agni offered an article from Hinduism Today to address Hindu ethics when
it comes to medical debates. As he points out, this is an article from the
point of view of a Shivite school, so that is something to keep in mind.
How
Hindu Dharma Addresses 25 Controversial Medical Issues Frequently Encountered
by Physicians.
The
entire article from Hinduism Today is very good and you should read the whole
thing, but here is the section on abortion:
Hindu
scripture and tradition clearly prohibit abortion, except to save the life of
the mother. It is considered an act against rita (universal order) and ahimsa
(noninjury). In the words of Swami Omkarananda, “Imagine, through millions of
abortions around the world, day in and day out, how many wonderful scientific
and spiritual geniuses—doctors, men of excellence of every kind, sages, saints,
benefactors of mankind, builders of a better culture and civilization—are
destroyed even before they can take a breath of fresh air here on Earth!” Hindu
ethics also do not justify aborting a fetus because of actual or potential
deformity or mental retardation, for each birth, normal or not, is revered as
having a divine purpose to be understood, not manipulated. Nevertheless,
abortion is performed today by Hindus in India and elsewhere—particularly
selective termination of female fetuses following ultrasound examination.
Professor Crawford called that practice “a perverted use of modern science, a
scarcely concealed form of female infanticide.” Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
summarized in sutra 34 of Living with Siva, “Followers know abortion is, by
Vedic injunction, a sinful act against dharma fraught with karmic
repercussions. Scripture only allows it to prevent the mother’s death, for it
is a greater sin for a child to kill the mother.” “In the modern context,”
Swami Tejomayananda advised, “attention must be focused on the prevention of
pregnancy by educating and creating awareness in the parents.” Abortion, should
it occur, creates a karma to be faced in the future, but is not regarded as an
unforgivable “sin.” A penance could mitigate the karma, such as adopting a baby
who might otherwise have been aborted if no home was provided.
The
issue of using abortion in order to murder girl babies is a cultural problem
and not a result of the religion that has equal love and respect for both male
and female. We are all God.
Here
are some more resources to take a look at:
?Hindu
Ethics on the Moral Question of Abortion —> This one gets into when the soul
enters the body (in Hinduism it is usually considered to be at the time of
conception, though some believe that it is three months into the pregnancy when
there is one of the 16 life rituals that “calls the soul into the body.”)
?Hinduism
and Abortion: a Traditional View —> Someone’s thesis paper
?Hinduism/Ayruveda
on Abortion —> Ayruveda being the ancient medical side of Hindu spiritual
tradition.
Wikipedia
adds:
According
to the Hinduism Today website, “Several Hindu institutions have shared their
positions on abortion recently. The Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University
does not take a formal unchanging political or religious stance on the issue of
abortion. They advise that each case requires unique consideration… The Brahma
Kumaris view the body as a physical vehicle for the immortal soul, and
therefore the issue is not “pro-life” or “anti-life” but a choice between the
amount of suffering caused to the souls of the parents and child in either
course, abortion or motherhood” and later states that “ISKCON calls the 1.3
million abortions done in America last year “a kind of doublethink,” whereby
people deny the status of humanity to the fetus…According to Vedic literature
an eternal individual soul inhabits the body of every living creature…The soul
enters the womb at the time of conception, and this makes the fetus a living,
individual person.” -“Hindus In America Speak out on Abortion Issues”. Hinduism
Today. 7 September 1985. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Nothing
I say here should be taken to mean that I will judge or condemn anyone who does
have an abortion. Yes, I think it’s the wrong choice 99% of the time. But the
beauty of Hinduism is that it is never too late. Maybe it was a mistake and if
so, your baby will find another embodiment eventually. You will work through
whatever karmic consequences there are. If I am wrong and it is not a mistake,
then that’s fine too. My decisions about my life, my body, and my karma are not
affected by yours. That is my take on it. I’m sure not all Hindus will agree!
This
issue came up for Hindus recently when a young Indian mother died in an Irish
Catholic hospital that refused to abort though it would be the only way to save
her life and the child was not going to live. This is an excellent example of
when Hinduism does accept abortion. Savita Halappanavar was 31 years old and
only 17 weeks pregnant when she died. The hospital refused to take her family’s
religious beliefs into consideration and imposed theirs instead.
Abortion
Refusal Death: The Guardian
Huffington
Post
After
Savita Halappanavar’s death, the brutal irony of ‘pro-life’ is exposed
{Featured
Image for this post from http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-womans-death-in-ireland-sparks-debate-over-abortion/1/229242.html}
About
Ambaa
Ambaa
is an American woman of European ancestry who is also a practicing Hindu. She
is fascinated with questions of philosophy, culture, and the meaning of life.
Join her in the journey to explore how a non-Indian convert to Hinduism
experiences her religion.
-----------------
Abortion & Religion: Diverse Religious Traditions
on the Morality of Abortion
By
Austin Cline
Multifaceted
Religious Traditions on Abortion:
When religious positions on abortion are discussed, we usually hear how abortion is condemned and regarded as murder. Religious traditions are more pluralistic and varied than that, however, and even within those religions most publicly opposed to abortion, we find that there are traditions which would permit abortion, even if only in limited circumstances. It's important to understand these traditions because not every religion regards abortion as a simplistic, black & white decision.
Roman
Catholicism & Abortion:
Roman Catholicism is popularly associated with a strict anti-abortion position, but this strictness only dates to Pope Pius XI’s 1930 encyclical Casti Connubii. Before this, there was more debate on abortion. The Bible doesn’t condemn abortion and Church tradition rarely addresses it. Early church theologians generally allow abortion in the first 3 months and prior to quickening, when the soul supposedly entered the fetus. For a long time, the Vatican refused to issue a binding position.
Protestant
Christianity & Abortion:
Protestantism is perhaps one of the most diffuse and de-centralized religious traditions in the world. There is almost nothing that isn’t true of some denomination somewhere. Vocal, vociferous opposition to abortion is common in Protestant circles but support for abortion rights is also common — it’s just not as loud. There is no single Protesant position on abortion, but Protestants who oppose abortion sometimes portray themselves as the only true Christians.
Judaism
& Abortion:
Ancient Judaism was naturally pro-natalist, but without a central authority dictating orthodox beliefs, there has been vigorous debate on abortion. The only scriptural mention of anything like an abortion does not treat it as murder. Jewish tradition allows for abortion for the sake of the mother because there is no soul in the first 40 days, and even in the latter stages of pregnancy, the fetus has a lower moral status than the mother. In some cases, it may even be a mitzvah, or sacred duty.
Islam
& Abortion:
Many conservative Muslim theologians condemn abortion, but there is ample room in Islamic tradition for permitting it. Where Muslim teachings do allow for abortion, it is generally limited to the early stages of pregnancy and only on the condition that there are very good reasons for it — frivolous reasons are not allowed. Even later abortions may be permitted, but only if it can be described as the lesser evil — that is to say, if not having an abortion would lead to a worse situation.
Buddhism
& Abortion:
Buddhist belief in reincarnation leads to belief that life begins at the moment of conception. This naturally inclines Buddhism against allowing abortion. Taking the life of any living thing is generally condemned in Buddhism, so of course killing a fetus would not meet with easy approval. There are, however, exceptions — there are different levels of life and not all life is equal. Abortion to save the life of the mother or if not done for selfish and hateful reasons is permissible.
Hinduism
& Abortion:
Most Hindu texts that mention abortion condemn it in no uncertain terms. Because the fetus is endowed with divine spirit, abortion is treated as an especially heinous crime and sin. At the same time, though, there is strong evidence that abortion was widely practiced for centuries. This makes sense because if no one was doing it, why make a big deal out of condemning it? Today abortion is available pretty much on demand in India and there is little sense that it’s treated as shameful.
Sikhism
& Abortion:
Sikhs believe that life begins and conception and that life is the creative work of God. Therefore, in principle at least, the Sikh religion takes a very strong position against abortion as a sin. Despite this, abortion is common in the Sikh community in India; in fact, there are concerns about too many female fetuses being aborted, leading to too many male Sikhs. Clearly the theoretical anti-abortion stance of Sikhism is balanced by more practicality in real life.
Taoism,
Confucianism & Abortion:
There is evidence that the Chinese practiced abortion in ancient times and nothing in either Taoist or Confucian ethical codes explicitly forbids it. At the same time, though, it isn’t encouraged — it’s usually treated as a necessary evil, to be used as a last resort. Only rarely is it promoted, for example if the health of the mother requires it. Because it’s not forbidden by any authority, the decision about when it’s necessary is left entirely in the hands of the parents.
Abortion,
Religion, and Religious Tradition:
Abortion is a serious ethical issue and it’s only natural that most major religions would have something to say on the issue, even if only indirectly. Opponents of abortion will be quick to point out those aspects of religious traditions which somehow condemn or prohibit abortion, but we must keep in mind the very obvious fact that abortion has been practiced in every society and for as far back as we have historical records. No matter how strong the condemnations of abortion have been, they haven’t stopped women from seeking them.
An
absolute condemnation of abortion is an abstraction that cannot survive in the
real world where pregnancy, birth, and raising children are difficult and
dangerous prospects for women. As long as women bear children, women will be in
situations where they sincerely believe that ending their pregnancy is the best
of all possible options. Religions have had to deal with this fact, and being
unable to eliminate abortion entirely, they have had to make room for cases when
abortion might be allowable.
Reviewing
the diverse religious traditions above, we can find a great deal of agreement
on when abortion might be permitted. Most religions agree that abortion is more
permissible in the early stages of pregnancy than in the latter stages and that
the economic and health interests of the mother generally outweigh whatever
interests the fetus might have for being born.
Most
religions don’t appear to regard abortion as murder because they don’t ascribe
the exact same moral status to the fetus as they do to the mother — or even to
a newborn infant. However much abortion might be treated as a sin and immoral,
it still doesn’t generally rise the same level of immorality as killing person.
This indicates that anti-choice activists today who argue so vociferously that
abortion is murder and impermissible have adopted a position which is
ahistorical and contrary to most religious traditions.
Abortion
And Religion
Abortion
And Ethics
Abortion
& Contraception
Related
Articles
Austin Cline
About.com Agnosticism / Atheism
About.com Agnosticism / Atheism
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UNITED
NATIONS
United
Nations Pushes for Abortion Expansion (4121)
Secretary
General Ban Ki-moon calls for universal access for girls.
by TIM
DRAKE 05/03/2012 Comments (8)
Spencer
Platt/Getty Images
United
Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon speaks to the media April 19 in New York
City.
–
Spencer Platt/Getty Images
UNITED
NATIONS — Seeking to influence the Commission on Population and Development,
U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon told a 47-member group last week that
millions of girls — teenagers and younger — need access to abortion and
contraceptives. His comments, including an assertion that the nations of the
world must provide “reproductive health care,” came April 23 as the U.N.
Commission on Population and Development gathered for its 45th meeting. During
the week, the commission was dominated by controversy, as members debated the
contents of their outcome document focused on adolescents and youth.
Reaction
to the secretary general’s comments by some member states and non-governmental
organizations was strong.
As
Denise Mountenay of the Endeavour Forum said, “There is a propaganda campaign
agenda to push comprehensive unrestrained sexuality education into nations.”
She
said that such education would only lead to further sexual promiscuity and more
sexually transmitted diseases.
According
to Austin Ruse, president of the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute,
the secretary general has no authority to make such a call. “There is no basis
in international law for making such a call, and there is no basis in U.N.
documents to make such a call,” Ruse said. “The secretary general is on his own
speaking without authority.”
Ban’s
comments came following the release of a United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF) report in late April drawing attention to the challenges of HIV/AIDS
and unintended pregnancy faced by young people around the globe.
“We
cannot ignore the facts,” said Ban. “Many young people are sexually active,
and, because of this, they may face risks to their health.”
Ban
also submitted a new report to the commission produced by the United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA), stating that urgent action is needed to protect young
people’s rights to sexual and reproductive health.
The
commission meeting resulted in the adoption on April 27 of a 10-page document
on adolescents and youth, despite protracted consultations and disagreements
among members. In the end, Indonesian member and the commission’s chairman,
Hasan Kleib, urged the commission to “make a last effort to bridge
differences.” Ultimately, the chairman’s text was adopted.
“Consensus
is the basis for our work,” commented Pio Wennubst of Switzerland, the vice
chairman of the commission.
Fighting
for Positive Language
Ruse
described the outcome document as a “low-level document that will be sent to
the General Assembly in the fall.”
“It
will not have much effect in anything except feeding into the global
conversation of people who believe in these things,” he suggested.
Some
participants, however, saw the gathering as an opportunity to advance their
agenda prior to the Rio+20 U.N. Conference on Sustainable Development taking
place in Brazil in June.
“The
2012 CPD outcome document will serve as a foundation for major upcoming
international negotiations on sustainable development and population,” wrote
Suzanne Ehlers, president of Population Action International, at The Huffington
Post. “We’ve deemed it a strategic investment of time and energy. … This huge
share of the world’s population needs access to contraception and a range of
sexual and reproductive health services.”
Harpreet
Paul, representing Amnesty International, called on the commission to top its
agenda with the “right to sexual and reproductive health as an integral part of
the lives of adolescents and youth. The commission must ensure protection of
sexual and reproductive rights as human rights, as well as access to
comprehensive sexuality education, information and services for adolescents and
youth and the removal of legal, policy and cultural barriers, including the
requirement of parental and spousal consent for young people.”
The
World Youth Alliance (WYA), representing more than 1 million young people
globally, sent a team of 22 youth, along with Elyssa Koren, director of
advocacy for WYA, to work toward an outcome document with more balanced
language.
“The
original draft primarily focused on sexual and reproductive health services,
which is a euphemism for abortion,” said Koren. “We take a firm stance against
language that is contrary to the dignity of the human person.”
Koren
worked to include positive language and to highlight the fact that youth have
real concerns about issues other than sexuality, such as access to vocational
training, education, basic sanitation and nutrition and employment. She noted
that African, Arab, and Latin American member states also desired a more
balanced document.
Koren
noted the emergence of “insidious terminology” concerning privacy and
confidentiality for youth and the removal of all legal and cultural barriers
that would prevent youth from receiving reproductive health services.
Koren
felt that pro-family forces were victorious in ensuring that the role and
rights of parents were retained in the document. She said that WYA’s
representatives support the term “reproductive health,” but not the term
“reproductive health services” because of how that term has become corrupted
over the past 10 years.
The
World Youth Alliance was particularly proud of the inclusion of one particular
sentence in the final outcome document: “Recognizing further that adolescents
and youth in all countries are a major resource for development and key agents
for social change, economic development and technological innovation …”
(Paragraph 8, CPD Resolution 2012).
“There
are still three mentions of reproductive rights and comprehensive sex
education, but we won most of the major battles we were fighting,” said Koren.
“Our colleagues felt it was the best document from the past three years. It was
definitely more balanced than the original draft.”
The
Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute was also generally pleased with the
outcome. In spite of youth activism sponsored
by International Planned Parenthood Federation and the International
Women's Health Coalition, "countries rejected their demands and produced a
fairly balanced outcome document that focues on more pressing youth concerns
like education, employment, health and development."
"Similarly,
any reference to sexual and reproductive rights in the document was explicitly
understood by countries not to include abortion as a method of family
planning," wrote C-Fam's Timothy Herrmann on the organization's website.
Caution
Urged
Observers
cautioned against any international efforts to control population.
“The
last thing which developing nations need is a lethal Western cocktail of
abortion and paternalistic population-control measures,” said British Member of
Parliament Lord David Alton. “Advocates of this approach should study the story
of Chen Guangcheng, the blind, self-taught human-rights lawyer who has sought
refuge in the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, if they want to know where such
anti-life and oppressive policies lead.”
Others
agreed.
“Chen
Guangcheng and I have been fighting the same battle for years,” said Steven
Mosher, president of the Population Research Institute and a leading expert on
China. “I am an eyewitness to forced abortions, coercive sterilizations and
infanticide in China. Chen … documented 7,000 cases of forced abortions in one
small part of Shantung province.”
Still,
voices within the United Nations continue to advocate for sexual education,
sexual health services and reproductive rights.
“Many
assume that all young people have access to information,” said Babatunde
Osotimehin, executive director of the UNFPA. “However, this is not true for all
adolescents and youth across the world. In fact, many of these issues are still
a major challenge for the majority of young people in developing countries.”
Ruse
noted that, despite such voices, member states such as Chile, Malta, Poland,
the Holy See and many African and Arab members profoundly disagree that
universal access to abortion and contraception is called for in international
law.
“The
direction which the commission is going right now is a creature of the 1994
Cairo Conference,” said Ruse. “That’s when this steady drumbeat for access to
abortion began. It’s the direction of the ‘pelvic left.’”
Added
Benjamin Harnwell, founder of the Dignitatis Humanae Institute: “If this U.N.
Commission on Population and Development were really concerned for the welfare
of women, it would have implanted what Nirj Deva, vice president of the
European Parliament’s Development Committee and president of the Dignitatis
Humanae Institute’s International Committee on Human Dignity, demanded last
month: a gender audit.
“Deva
asked that every abortion paid for by taxpayers’ money should have the sex of
the destroyed baby recorded and published, so that people could see to what
extent their taxes were being used to fund gendercide. The absence of such a
gender audit shows clearly that this U.N. commission is not interested in the
authentic needs of women.”
Tim
Drake is the Register's senior writer.
Read
more: http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/united-nations-pushes-for-abortion-expansion/#ixzz33TeAAoNh
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