POINT OF ORDER- is a 16 year old who ran from abusive parents and refused 2 listen 2 any rules and was attacked by first nations boys/men of FIRST NATIONS- 11 % of missing FirstNations/Inuit/Metis girls/women are caused by their homelife........89% of thousands and thosands of women living off the street are missing and murdered- there is where the inquiry and funding needs 2 be.... we must stop the abuse in the homes.....at the source.... come on....
WHY ARE FIRST NATIONS/METIS GIRLS TREATED SO VICIOUSLY AT HOME???
Rinelle Harper calls for inquiry into murdered and missing aboriginal women, a month after she was left for dead in riverbank
http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/12/09/rinelle-harper-calls-for-inquiry-into-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women-a-month-after-she-was-left-for-dead-in-riverbank/
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Family of 16-year-old girl attacked in Winnipeg thankful she survived
By: The Canadian Press
Posted: 11/11/2014 1:08 PM | Comments: 0 | Last Modified: 11/12/2014 7:33 AM
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Police investigate at the scene of an assault near Donald Street and Assiniboine Avenue Saturday.
TREVOR HAGAN / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS Enlarge Image
Police investigate at the scene of an assault near Donald Street and Assiniboine Avenue Saturday.
WINNIPEG - The family of a 16-year-old Manitoba girl who was beaten and left for dead in an icy Winnipeg river is thankful she survived the attack and is now recovering.
Grand Chief David Harper, head of the organization that represents northern Manitoba First Nations, is a distant relative of Rinelle Harper and has visited with her and her family in hospital.
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He said the family is grateful the Grade 11 student is alive, especially when they think of Tina Fontaine, a 15-year-old aboriginal girl who was killed and dumped in a Winnipeg river earlier this year.
"They are very thankful that they are with Rinelle right now. She's recovering and that is something they are very thankful for," Harper said Tuesday.
"We are in a serious dilemma here, not only in Winnipeg but throughout Canada, in how these women are being just trashed ... For them to be treated like that is totally unacceptable."
Police say Rinelle was out with friends Friday night when she was attacked near a downtown bridge and ended up in the Assiniboine River. She managed to pull herself out of the water onto a walkway, where she was discovered by a passerby and rushed to hospital in critical condition.
Officers called the attack "sexual in nature." They took the unusual step of identifying the victim, with her parents' permission, in the hope of cracking the case.
CTV Winnipeg is quoting unnamed police sources as saying they have obtained surveillance footage from a building in the area that is helping them retrace the girl's steps.
The sources say the cameras also captured images of two males that were with her.
Harper said Rinelle is slowly recovering her memory, but she doesn't remember much about what happened the night she was attacked.
"She was beaten up. Her legs were bruised and she had stitches on her head and her eyes are still red," he said. "At one point in time, they thought they were going to lose her. She was in really, really critical condition, but she's slowly starting to regain her mind and everything else so we are hoping for the best."
Harper said Rinelle is originally from the Garden Hill First Nation in northern Manitoba. He said most Harpers from that area are related and Rinelle is the great niece of the late MP Elijah Harper.
She has been in Winnipeg for the last two years studying at Southeast Collegiate, a high school operated by northern First Nations. She was staying at the school's dorm, he said.
Harper remembers Rinelle growing up in Garden Hill with her sister, who was a year older but looked like her twin.
"They came from a good family. They were always dressed nice and well taken care of. They participated in many things ... She was brought up in a healthy home," he said. "They are well known in the community."
Harper said Rinelle's mother wants to take Rinelle back to the reserve to finish her education, but Rinelle wants to stay in Winnipeg.
Police have said Rinelle was not known to them before she was attacked.
There are some startling similarities between her attack and Tina's death.
In August, Tina's body was pulled from Winnipeg's Red River wrapped in plastic.
Originally from the Sagkeeng First Nation, Tina had been in the city less than a month and had run away from foster care a week before her body was found. Her death has been ruled a homicide, but there have been no arrests.
Police have said they are treating the two cases as separate investigations.
Harper said the family hopes the case serves as another wake-up call for society.
"They don't want anyone going through the same thing," he said.
"It's very tragic and they wouldn't want any family — it doesn't matter what race — they wouldn't want any family going through this tragedy and make sure young women, and young girls especially, are looked after properly."
— By Tim Cook in Edmonton.
http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/canada/family-of-16-year-old-girl-attacked-in-winnipeg-thankful-she-survived-282308331.html
--------------------------------
1. Manitoba sorry for failing to protect Phoenix Sinclair ... - Cbc
www.cbc.ca/.../manitoba-sorry-for-failing-to-protect-phoenix-sinclair-1.2518147 - Similar
31 Jan 2014 ... Phoenix Sinclair inquiry report released 2:26 ... system failed the five-year-old girl before she was murdered by her mother and stepfather in 2005. ... We deeply regret and are profoundly saddened by the loss of this child," she said. ... In June 2005, Phoenix was beaten and left to die on a basement floor.
Manitoba sorry for failing to protect Phoenix Sinclair ... - Cbc
www.cbc.ca/.../manitoba-sorry-for-failing-to-protect-phoenix-sinclair-1.2518147 - Similar
31 Jan 2014 ... Phoenix Sinclair inquiry report released 2:26 ... system failed the five-year-old girl
before she was murdered by her mother and stepfather in 2005. ... We deeply
regret and are profoundly saddened by the loss of this child," she said. ... In June
2005, Phoenix was beaten and left to die on a basement floor.
BLOGSPOT:- most of these missing Aboriginal women come from abuse at home!!!! and Canada knows it..... 11% of all missing women/girls in Canada are Aboriginal...... ABORGINALS MUST CLEAN UP THEIR SONS AND FATHERS AND STOP ABUSE!!!
O CANADA-PROSTITUTES-SEX TRAFFICKING-Let's talk about it Canada/ Women Equal Men in our Canada- PROSTITUTION- how can any politician condone the abuse of women.... DID THE HIGHWAY OF TEARS TEACH US NOTHING???-... did little girls and women horrendously abused teach us nothing.... women kneeling b4 men??? Seriously in 2014- and u want 2 make this NewAgeMedia Pretty... oh so Pretty??? in the year 2014??? ONE BILLION RISING- break the chains- no more abuses-no more excuses -RELOCATION REVISITED: SEX TRAFFICKING OF NATIVE WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES- 2 many First Nations children dumped in2 foster care- How many MISSING CANADIAN PROSTITUTES IS THE QUESTION-DON'T DISCRIMINATE- git r done- ONE BILLION RISING- Walk a mile in their shoes Canada -we were going 2 help and change the world -4 all the good political greed and indifference is worst enemy of humanity /PAEDOPHILE HUNTING /Sept. 20 2014 REZA and CODY- pimped hundreds of children after torture and rape- WTF CANADA???
http://nova0000scotia.blogspot.ca/2014/07/o-canada-women-equal-men-in-our-canada.html
SEPTEMBER 20 2014- SWEET JESUS, MOTHER MARY AND JOSEPH.... SO SICK OF THIS F**KING SHEEET... WE HAVE BEEN FIGHTING THIS 4 WAY 2 LONG IN R CANADA...
Daphne Bramham: B.C. court cases offer timely glimpse into prostitution’s reality
Reza Moazami, Cody Legebokoff preyed on vulnerable girls and young women
By Daphne Bramham, Vancouver Sun columnist September 19, 2014
Daphne Bramham: B.C. court cases offer timely glimpse into prostitution's reality
Reza Moazami, shown the prisoner’s box in a court on Sept.25, 2013, has been convicted of 30 charges including human trafficking.
Photograph by: Felicity Don , THE CANADIAN PRESS
Reza Moazami is a 29-year-old human trafficker, child sex offender and pimp convicted this week on 30 charges involving girls aged 14 to 19.
Cody Legebokoff is a 24-year-old, baby-faced, serial killer sentenced this week to life in prison for the first-degree murders of three women and a 15-year-old girl who was legally blind. Judge Glen Perrett said Legebokoff’s intention wasn’t just to kill the women, he wanted to degrade and destroy them.
The link between these two B.C. men is that they both preyed on vulnerable girls and young women.
Moazami sold them by the hour after coercing them into prostitution, drugging them, beating them, raping them, moving them like pawns. He tried to sell them to other pimps.
Taken together the two cases provide a glimpse of the violent, drug-filled, exploitive world of prostitution.
As Judge Perrett noted, these aren’t just criminal matters. Society helped put Legebokoff’s four victims — three of whom were prostitutes — in harm’s way.
The judge referred to calls for an inquiry into Canada’s murdered and missing women since two of Legebokoff’s victims were First Nations.
But it goes deeper than that. The life stories of all the victims are strikingly consistent even though nine of the 11 who testified against Moazami are Canadian-born Caucasians. (The two others came as children from Afghanistan and Ukraine.)
Their common denominators are dysfunctional families and addictions.
These cases are timely as Parliament debates new prostitution laws.
Legalize prostitution and, proponents say, prostitutes will be better able to screen customers. Yet, no screening technique exists to identify monsters like Legebokoff. If it did, he would have been caught after the first murder.
Legalize, say proponents, and prostitutes will work inside and hire bodyguards to protect them.
But working inside didn’t keep the 11 witnesses in Moazami’s case safe.
Their lives were hell as Judge Catherine Bruce described in her 186-page decision that found Moazami guilty on 30 counts including five counts of sexual assault, three counts of sexual interference, three counts of sexual exploitation and one of human trafficking.
So, brace yourself. Some of the disturbing facts highlighted by Judge Bruce are going to be repeated.
E.B. was 12 when she first worked as a street prostitute to get money for food and clothes.
She was 14 when she met Moazami at a North Vancouver hotel room. E.B. had gone to rescue her friend M.N., who had called saying that she was with two men and in trouble.
Instead of a rescue, E.B. was ensnared by Moazami, coerced into working for him.
He often told E.B. he loved her and wanted to have children with her. But the cocaine and ecstasy he gave her kept her continuously high. He threatened to burn her with an iron.
For months she wasn’t allowed to leave the hotel on her own.
Later, she (like the other 10 who testified) was kept on an electronic leash, controlled by frequent phone calls and text messages that had to be answered immediately.
She worked “tired and sore,” without a break, day and night for three years. (Others testified that when they had their periods, Moazami supplied them with red condoms and red sheets.)
Moazami raped her twice after giving her GHB, the date-rape drug. The second time, he sodomized her.
E.B. saw none of the estimated $20,000 a month that she earned. Moazami charged her for the drugs, clothes and accommodation. He “fined” her for disobedience — $50,000 alone for trying to rescue M.N.
E.B. witnessed Moazami rip up other girls’ belongings, threaten their pet dog and punch another girl in the face. He pepper-sprayed them both before they managed to get away.
Here’s one of the few bits of his Facebook messages to her that are fit to print in a newspaper. “Die you nasty bitch u just wait I’lget you and then ull be begging for mercy how di the bear mace treat you hahahahaha !!!!”
After a working trip to Calgary, E.B. was admitted to the children’s ward at a psychiatric hospital.
She has moderate to severe learning disabilities. Her verbal skills are “childlike and simplistic,” the judge wrote. “While testifying, she curled her legs up and hugged them to her chest.”
J.C.H. was 13 and addicted to cocaine when she first exchanged sex for drugs. After time in a youth detention centre, she decided to become a prostitute at the age of 15. A friend from the centre introduced her to Moazami.
He taught her how to use a Taser on aggressive and non-paying clients. She practised using it on her pillow.
Moazami gave her cocaine and GHB almost every day as well as false identification so that she could get birth control injections.
He raped and sodomized her. He beat her badly enough that she was taken to hospital.
C.B. was 15 with a $500-a-day oxycodone addiction when she started working for Moazami. They’d first met when she was 14 and he was selling drugs to her and her mother.
Her addiction escalated to $1,000 a day in the two-and-a-half months she worked for him.
Their working relationship ended on Aug. 1, 2010 when Moazami was arrested.
Police found him hiding in a kitchen cupboard.
dbramham@vancouversun.com
http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Daphne+Bramham+court+cases+offer+timely+glimpse+into+prostitution+reality/10219553/story.html
SEPTEMBER 21 2014
UK VIDEO: Muslim protest against Rotherham child abuse held ‘without incident’
by Alex Evans
alex.evans@thestar.co.uk
Updated on the 21 September
Hundreds of people turned out in support of a Muslim youth group protest against child sexual exploitation in Rotherham today.
Speeches denounced the scandal which involved 1,400 victims of child sexual abuse in the town between 1997 and 2013 and protestors from the British Muslim Youth group gathered to make their voices heard.
The demonstration, involving about 200 people, passed peacefully and no arrests were made.
The event was organised after the Jay report into the abuse scandal revealed the majority of perpetrators of child sexual exploitation in the town were Asian men.
But those protesting spoke out against the abuse and called for ‘justice’ for the victims.
Mohammed Shafiq, chief executive of the British Ramadhan Foundation, said: “The grooming gangs have not only brought shame on themselves and the community but have damaged the lives of so many promising young girls.
“We want to see justice, we want to see justice for the victims and we want to see the community come together to say ‘not in our name’.
“There has been utter systematic failings in South Yorkshire Police. We want to see the system that has failed these girls changed so that people believe the victims rather than labelling them as ‘prostitutes’ or a ‘lifestyle choice.’”
Imam Qari Asim added: “This is a societal problem rather than a religious problem.
“The system has to be changed. I don’t know whether the people who have resigned did so because they are really sorry.
“We all need to work together on this.”
A week ago, an EDL rally held in Rotherham which was also speaking out against child sexual exploitation resulted in four arrests.
A spokesman for South Yorkshire Police said: “South Yorkshire Police would like to thank the community in Rotherham following a peaceful demonstration in the town centre today (Saturday 20 September).
“A group of people from the British Muslim Youth and other organisations held a static demonstration outside the Town Hall earlier today.
“The demonstration passed peacefully and without any disruption. No arrests were made.
“The group dispersed at around 4.30pm. Extra police officers were on duty in the town to ensure the safety of the public and those taking part in the protests.
“Officers overseeing the policing of today’s event would like to thank the public of Rotherham and those taking part for their co-operation.”
http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/video-muslim-protest-against-rotherham-child-abuse-held-without-incident-1-6852473
comment:
as they said its a social problem, yes it is. but they say t is no a religious problem. are they so naive to believe we would accept that. of course it is religiously bsed the community that is protecting these grooming gangs are doing so because they stick together on religious grounds. they think that we believe they did not know the grooming was happening. 8000 men were protected and allowed to molest these children because the Islamic faith requires that good muslims protect each other.
so yes is is a social problem, a problem from within the muslim society and there fore a religious issue. get your head from up your a**e and see the true picture. the religion controls the community and the community protected he child abusers.
the first step in resolving a problem is to accept there is a problem. living with your head in he and is not a cure.
--------------
ONE BILLION RISING
Frog Lake First Nations grandmothers march against substance abuse
Elders in the community are worried, says a spokesperson for Frog Lake
CBC News Posted: Sep 20, 2014 2:15 PM MT Last Updated: Sep 20, 2014 2:15 PM MT
Grandmothers at the Frog Lake First Nation held a march on Friday to raise awareness about the use of drugs and alcohol by people in their community.
About 200 people joined the march and each participant was given a purple light bulb to install outside their homes.
“It’s meaning that you are against alcohol and drugs and activity happening in your household,” said Lourraine Hosack, a spokeswoman for Frog Lake First Nations. “It’s marking your house as a place of safety.”
The march was held on the day people receive family allowance cheques in an effort to encourage them to spend their money responsibly.
Hosack said the event was very emotional, particularly for the grandmothers.
“You know, it hurt,” she said. “When you see your little one, your loved one, your grandchild not buying what she should be buying or what he should be buying for their baby and it instead goes to alcohol or drugs.”
Hosack says the elders are worried about the direction the younger people in the community are taking and hope that speaking up will make a difference.
The community hopes to make the march an annual event.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/frog-lake-first-nations-grandmothers-march-against-substance-abuse-1.2773004
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- PDF]
Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls in Canada - Institute on ...
Although Aboriginal women and girls in Canada are at a higher risk of being .....
substance abuse that significantly affect street-based prostitutes in many ......
gradually and more insidiously: “Drug addiction 'sucks Aboriginal girls in and
keeps them ... Participants raised concerns that police missing persons units and
social ...
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-MISSING, ABUSED, RAPED, MURDERED KIDS.... CANADA- LET'S FIX THIS
Honour Killings
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VANCOUVER EASTSIDE MISSING WOMEN
|
The hidden world of hookers: (Part 1 & 2)
Crackheads. Pimps' pawns. Streetwalkers. That's how most people
see prostitutes. But for most hookers in Canada, nothing could be further from
the truth.
Dan Gardner
The Ottawa Citizen
Saturday, June 08, 2002
'There was something about his eyes that I felt extremely
uncomfortable with," Jamie Lee Hamilton recalls of a customer who was looking
for sex in Vancouver's downtown east side. "He wanted me to get in the car right
away, he didn't really want to communicate while I was standing there."
All street prostitutes insist they have a kind of sixth
sense about johns, an ability to screen for predators. That night, Ms.
Hamilton's intuition blared like a siren. Still, she refused to listen. You tell
yourself "he's probably not going to harm you. Every working girl says that,"
she says.
The Vancouver Sun
(Hookers on a street
corner)
She opened the car door to get in. Then she noticed the
inside passenger door handle was missing. She bolted.
Today, Ms. Hamilton, an advocate for prostitutes' rights,
says she has no doubt her intuition was right. "He was planning something," she
says.
The idea of predators hunting prostitutes is something with
which Canadians have recently become all too familiar. The number of women who
have disappeared from Vancouver's downtown east side during the last 20 years
stands at 54. Most are drug addicts and prostitutes. So far, the massive police
investigation, one of the biggest in Canadian history, has led to seven murder
charges against Robert "Willie" Pickton, owner of a Port Coquitlam pig
farm.
The story seems to confirm in a spectacular way what most
people have always believed about prostitution -- that it is dangerous work done
by women driven onto the streets by drugs or predatory pimps.
Certainly statistics on missing or murdered prostitutes seem
to bear this out. The list of 54 women missing in Vancouver does not include
murdered Vancouver prostitutes whose bodies have been found. And it does not
include the grim toll from across the country.
According to Statistics Canada, 72 prostitutes were murdered
nationwide from 1991 to 2000 -- fewer than a third of them in British Columbia.
That number seriously understates the real death toll because it only includes
known murders in which the police verified the victim was a prostitute killed
while working. But even that understated murder rate makes prostitution by far
the most lethal form of work.
Washington Post
A hooker looks for business on a
Vancouver street corner: Sensational stories about drug-addicted streetwalkers
doesn't help us understand the problem or develop rational reforms, says Jamie
Lee Hamilton, a Vancouver activist for prostitutes' rights.
This may seem to confirm the stereotype of prostitution as a
brutal struggle for survival. But beneath the numbers lies a far more complex
reality.
Beyond question, street prostitution is often plagued by
assault, robbery, rape and murder. But most prostitution occurs off the streets
-- in massage parlours, escort agencies, strip clubs, hotels and private homes.
And most of that prostitution bears little resemblance to the violent world
where streetwalkers follow their hunches about which car door is safe to
open.
"What you've got is an enormous sex industry," says John
Lowman, a criminologist at Simon Fraser University and one of Canada's leading
researchers on prostitution. There are "many different types, many different
experiences, and the stereotypes really fall short."
Ms. Hamilton feels the media don't portray the complex
truth, preferring instead to focus on the desperate, drug-addicted street
hookers who fit the stereotype. Sometimes prostitutes are portrayed as victims,
sometimes as blights on residential neighbourhoods. Either way, she says, "the
media are sensationalizing ... prostitution. The fact of the matter is
prostitution has many forms."
As a woman who has worked on the streets and advocated
prostitutes' rights for 30 years, Ms. Hamilton is hardly wearing rose-coloured
glasses.
She knows the ugliness of street life better than most. She
understood the awful truth about the downtown east side, or Skid Row as they
used to call it in Vancouver, long before the politicians and media.
In 1996, she says, "we took 67 pairs of women's shoes and
dropped them on the steps of city hall. Each pair represented, up until that
point, missing women and women who had been murdered in the sex trade. It was a
symbolic gesture of ... being treated as society's throwaways." At the time, she
says, no serious attention was paid to the missing women. "When we called for
the reward (to be put up by the city,) the mayor said, 'We will not fund a
location service.' The police would say, 'We're not a baby-sitting service.'
They actually said that to the mother of one of the missing women who still
hasn't been found. The powers that be ... were turning a blind eye."
The Vancouver Sun
This prostitute, a member of a group
called Sex Workers Alliance of Vancouver, objects to being called a victim.
However, a University of Victoria study shows that most prostitutes come from
homes 'marked by a difficult childhood characterized by frequent
abuse."
Even the media -- now swarming around Robert Pickton's pig
farm -- hardly took notice. "They would do little stories," she says, but they
were "always on the nuisance factor."
Sensational stories about drug-addicted streetwalkers won't
help us truly understand the problem or find rational reforms, Ms. Hamilton
insists. First we have to see the complex reality of prostitution. Only then is
it possible to see why the prostitutes working the streets of Vancouver's
downtown east side, and of other cities across Canada, are such easy
prey.
A short walk west of the dingy diners and flophouses of
Vancouver's downtown east side, the streets suddenly fill with chic restaurants
and condos. This is "gentrification" at work. For years, money has been steadily
gnawing at the edges of Skid Row, turning the shabby and depressing into the
fabulous and desirable, the sort of urban space where a Lexus can be parked
unmolested.
When gentrification arrives, one of the first eyesores swept
away are the hollow-eyed women who totter unsteadily on the street corners
hoping to score a few dollars for drugs. But that doesn't mean prostitution
disappears. Quite the opposite. In the hip neighbourhoods next to the downtown
east side, prostitution flourishes.
The Calgary Herald
There is a 'vast' prostitution business
in escort service, says John Lowman, a criminologist at Simon Fraser University
and one of Canada's leading researchers on prostitution. 'You have all sorts of
women working out of their home using advertising.'
The most visible form occurs on the "high track," a
commercial block where upscale streetwalkers promenade, looking to hook up with
businessmen and tourists. These women are not the frail, sad creatures working
Skid Row. There are no glassy eyes to be seen, no skin pale as a corpse's. These
women may be breaking the same laws as their colleagues in the downtown east
side, but they clearly live in a different reality.
Money is the most obvious dividing line. High-track sex
workers can make hundreds of dollars for a date, while the Skid Row women may
charge a tenth as much.
Most high-track hookers have pimps. Prostitution is often
territorial and if a woman wants to work valuable real estate, "you better have
some weight behind you, some bounce, some jump," says Det.-Const. Raymond
Payette, an officer with the Vancouver police's vice unit. Women who freelance
in that kind of space will be threatened by a pimp or his "main girl," the
pimp's top-ranking woman and chief enforcer.
But researchers caution that, contrary to popular belief,
only a minority of all prostitutes work for pimps. "The pimping stereotype is
highly exaggerated," argues Frances Shaver, a sociologist at Concordia
University. In surveys of street prostitution in Montreal, Toronto and San
Francisco, she found that most women -- as many as three-quarters or more -- did
not have a pimp. "And another field study by the (federal) Justice Department
found the same thing."
Pimps may be common among the hookers working the upscale
neighbourhoods near Vancouver's downtown east side, but along Skid Row they are
rare. Other demons drive the prostitutes here.
"For most of them the pimp now is drug addiction. They're so
drug-ravaged that they will do anything for drugs," Det.-Const. Payette says.
The criminalization of drugs makes them extremely expensive, forcing addicts to
pay hundreds of dollars every day just to keep the torment of withdrawal -- dope
sickness -- at bay. "As a woman with limited skills, limited education, as a
heroin addict, her one skill that she can bank on making enough money is
prostitution." The most desperate addicts on Skid Row, he says, "will turn dates
for $10."
Cocaine and heroin are rare on the high track. Most pimps
hate hard drugs and force their women to stay away from anything stronger than
alcohol or marijuana. Money, not compassion, is their motivation. If a woman is
visibly addicted -- track marks, ashen skin and sunken eyes -- "it may drive the
price down," Det.-Const. Payette says.
Even worse for the pimp, addiction means a loss of control
over the woman. "As a general rule, you don't want the addiction to become the
No. 1 thing in that girl's life. You want yourself, as the pimp, to be the No. 1
thing. If she becomes addicted, you're playing a big second fiddle
there."
But the sharpest line dividing the high track and the
downtown east side was discovered by Simon Fraser's John Lowman when he analyzed
data on murder and assaults between 1985 and 1993: The bloodshed that is so
common in the downtown east side is rare on the high track. While almost half
the known sexual assaults on prostitutes throughout Vancouver happened on Skid
Row, only seven per cent had been committed against women working the high
track; the balance happened on other strolls considered higher class than the
downtown east side, though not equal to the high track. And while a majority of
murdered prostitutes worked the downtown east side, not one victim had been
picked up on the high track.
The hierarchy of hooker strolls appears in every major
Canadian city. "In Ottawa, we've got four strolls where the girls hang out,"
says Staff-Sgt. Eric Martinat of the Ottawa police. The Byward Market is
Ottawa's high track. "Those are the higher-end girls that ply their trade. In
the outer areas, like Hintonburg, Gladstone and Vanier, they're, I guess you
call them low-track."
l
The public tends to see prostitution as something that
mainly happens on the streets. The reality is just the opposite. "Street
prostitution is no more than 20 per cent of the sex trade in Canada right now,"
according to John Lowman. In the off-street sector, "you've got this huge trade
in massage parlours, body-rub parlours. You've got a vast business in escort
services. You have all sorts of women working out of their home using
advertising."
Police say the gap between the two sex industries is
growing. In Edmonton, street prostitution has "really gone down in the last 10
years," says Staff-Sgt. Aurel Leblanc of the municipal police vice unit. "Ten
years ago, we had at least 1,000 girls working the streets here. Today, we're
down to probably 250, including even girls working just part-time."
Det. Sgt. Paul Gillespie of the Toronto police sex crimes
unit confirms that on-street prostitution has also declined in Canada's largest
city. "I just think it's just a matter of technology," he says, pointing to the
role of the Internet. "You'll see just monstrous amounts of Web sites. And
pagers. Pimps and people who control women, they don't have to have them
standing on the street corner, they just have to know where to find them if
somebody requires their services."
Simon Fraser's Mr. Lowman feels another factor pushing
prostitution off the streets is the decision of police to enforce the law
against the street trade while turning a blind eye to more discrete sexual
commerce: In 2000, roughly 93 per cent of all prostitution-related incidents
reported by police involved street activity. With the police focused on
streetwalking, the media naturally tend to see prostitution through that narrow
lens -- hence the stereotype.
For those who want to find it, it doesn't take much effort
to locate the off-street sex trade in any major city. In Vancouver, hotels hand
tourists city maps replete with ads for "exotic massage" and other services. You
can also turn to the city newspapers, or look under "escorts" in the Yellow
Pages.
Even a casual walk downtown will do. Steps away from some of
Vancouver's finer hotels and dining -- and close to the high track -- a massage
parlour's entrance is graced with a large mural of writhing, half-naked women,
leaving little doubt about the services on offer. Like the chic restaurants
nearby, the parlour has a municipal licence.
A few streets further on, there are strip clubs. In Canada,
strip clubs play a variable role in the sex industry. In many, management
forbids all prostitution. In others, dancers are free to make arrangements with
clients.
Sometimes management takes a cut: One such club can be found
not far from Vancouver's most expensive shopping district. On a weekday night,
at least a third of the patrons are women. Dressed in ordinary clothes, they
could be office workers relaxing after work. In fact, this is their
office.
One woman was willing to talk to a journalist, but not to be
formally interviewed. Unlike the addicts on street corners, these women have
much to lose and they zealously protect their privacy.
She says she hates the stereotype of prostitutes as
desperate junkies. And she certainly doesn't look the part. She wears a cotton
dress that's plain, even a little frumpy. She doesn't wear garish makeup, shiny
boots, or any of the other visible cues street hookers use. Standing in the
elevator of a top hotel, she would look just like any other guest -- which is
the point.
She is in her late 20s, owns a house in a nice part of town
and has a little boy. She likes to travel and, with the help of friends who work
in the airlines, often goes on cheap junkets to exotic locales. Last year, she
did her Christmas shopping in Beijing.
She tells friends and family she works in a bar. It's at
least half-true. For a fee, the strip club allows her to pick up businessmen and
tourists.
She calls the feminist claim that no woman would choose
prostitution "asinine." It is a typical example of her refined, articulate
speech. When asked whether she comes from a middle- or upper-middle class
family, she smiles and says only, "You're not far off."
This woman and the skeletal addicts of Skid Row are clearly
on opposite ends of the spectrum. But between them is a whole array of women who
fit neither the Pretty Woman nor the "crack whore" stereotypes.
Comprehensive research is rare, particularly for off-street
prostitutes, but a recent study by Cecilia Benoit and Alison Millar of the
University of Victoria provided a detailed look at sex-trade workers by
conducting lengthy interviews with 201 prostitutes -- some on-street, but most
off -- in Victoria. The researchers found the women (and a small minority of
men) do share some traits but for the most part they're a diverse lot. And while
they suffer in some ways as a group, they are not the wretched of the
Earth.
Almost all had been born in Canada. Only about seven per
cent were visible minorities, the same as the population at large. The one group
over-represented, at 15 per cent, was aboriginals -- a reality in almost all
Canadian cities.
Almost four in 10 prostitutes had completed high school, as
compared to 65 per cent of the general population. The average income for women
was $20,000 a year, just below the B.C. average of $21,044. Most reported having
a stable home, meaning they owned or rented an apartment or house or lived with
family. The average age was 32.
About 60 per cent of women interviewed for the University of
Victoria study said they had an intimate partner, 10 per cent lower than for
women in general. And "contrary to popular belief," the report noted, "only a
minority of respondents escape from their situations through the use of illicit
substances."
It's difficult to generalize about work conditions in
off-street prostitution. Venues range from massage parlours to escort agencies,
strip clubs, bars, hotels, rented apartments and homes. For some, off-street
prostitution includes abuse and exploitation every bit as brutal as that seen
on-street. Pimps can be found off-street as well as on. And some off-street
businesses are operated by organized crime rings, including biker gangs.
Off-street is also where foreign women smuggled into the
country and forced into prostitution are likely to be found. The United Nations
believes that around the world as many as 1.5 million women and children are
sold into what amounts to sexual slavery. How many are brought to Canada is not
known, but trafficked women do not seem to be a significant component of the
total off-street sex industry.
l
Off-street hookers can also face exploitation less overt
than that of a pimp when company owners use the legal grey zone of the industry
to advantage. The University of Victoria study found that escort workers kept an
average of $78 of every $100 earned; some escorts said the agencies took as much
as half their earnings. Only around 50 per cent of these women said they had "a
lot of control" over their working conditions, including the right to turn down
a client. Escort and massage parlour workers also reported that employers would
levy "fines" for breaking rules (such as being late for work) while at the same
time routinely ignoring the conditions they had agreed to. The women typically
do not have the usual legal recourse of employees since what they are doing is,
after all, illegal.
But again, it's dangerous to generalize. The study noted
that some escorts said they worked for agencies that were "run like
co-operatives, where the work, costs and profits are equally shared."
Off-street prostitutes who work out of their homes seem best
off. In the study, four out of five said they had "a lot of control" over
working conditions. They also reported keeping "virtually all that they
earned."
The one advantage virtually all off-street prostitution has
over the on-street trade is relative safety. In massage parlours, brothels and
hotels, clients know that when they enter or leave, they are seen by others and
can be identified. And there are always staff or other clients nearby.
Even escort agencies, which dispatch women to the hotel
rooms or homes of customers, offer a degree of protection. The phone numbers and
addresses of customers, and sometimes their credit card numbers, are recorded.
Sometimes agencies have drivers chauffeur women to and from appointments.
Agencies can also screen callers.
So too can independent prostitutes who arrange by phone to
meet clients. "If a person's going to be rude on the phone, even moderately
rude, if they say one thing that's not quite right, I'm probably not going to
go," says Monica Valiquette, a "40-something" prostitute and activist in
Edmonton. "I figure it's not going to get any better than this. If a guy's
totally drunk, I'm not interested. I just don't need to put myself through
that." If she agrees to a date,
Ms. Valiquette tells someone where she's going.
As modest as these measures may be, they mean the off-street
sex customer never has absolute anonymity. Only in street prostitution, and then
only in some circumstances, can men pick up women without being seen and take
them where a cry for help can't be heard.
That fact helps explain the startling discrepancy in
violence between on- and off-street prostitution. In 1994, Mr. Lowman analyzed
50 homicides of Vancouver sex workers and found 43 worked on the street. Five
were exotic dancers whose work wasn't clearly linked to their deaths. Two were
escorts, one of whom died of an accidental overdose given by a client.
National statistics don't distinguish between on-street and
off-street prostitutes, but police across Canada confirm that the bloodshed
associated with prostitution is almost entirely limited to the street trade. In
Ottawa, "our homicides in the past have been in relation to the streetwalkers
and not the off-track stuff," says Eric Martinat.
Similarly, in Edmonton, "90 per cent of
(prostitution-related violence) is on the street. Almost all of it," says
Staff-Sgt. Leblanc of the vice unit. In the last decade, 10 women in the sex
trade have been murdered in Edmonton and the surrounding area. Nine were
streetwalkers.
For Staff-Sgt. Leblanc, the conclusion is obvious. "The
girls are safer (off-street), there's no doubt about it."
l
Just as most people assume all prostitutes live and work
under similar conditions -- the stereotype of the pathetic, drug-addicted hooker
-- most also believe women are forced into it, victims of brutal pimps or drug
addiction.
In reality, women come to prostitution by diverse paths.
Drugs and pimps sometimes play a role, but not always.
One commonality is age: Women rarely enter prostitution in
mid-life. "The gals that come into the profession from something else are so
rare I can count them on my fingers," says Ms. Valiquette. She recalls a woman
in her 40s who turned to off-street prostitution when she lost her job as a
secretary with the RCMP. Another had retired from the army and "because her
husband and her were already swinging, they figured why not get paid for it. But
it's very unusual."
Most research finds women become prostitutes at 15 or 16
(although the University of Victoria study found an average age of 18),
suggesting most women become prostitutes after something goes very wrong. The
problem can be pimps or drugs. But more often, it's family.
Fewer than 20 per cent of sex workers "reported living in
one stable situation while growing up," the University of Victoria study found.
Just one-fifth were living with both parents at age 15; one-tenth by age 18.
More than half had been put in foster care or institutions at some point during
childhood.
The majority of subjects "came from homes marked by a
difficult childhood characterized by frequent abuse," the study states. "In
fact, almost 90 per cent of respondents reported some kind of physical,
emotional or sexual abuse."
Most left home early. "The average age at which respondents
first began living without a legal guardian was 16 years," the study found,
"with 11 per cent of respondents living on their own before they were 14 years
old."
But this is where common factors give way to a diversity of
experiences. Slightly more than one-third of those surveyed said they had turned
to prostitution because "they were curious or enticed to the life, which often
included its promise of quick, easy money." The second-most common answer, cited
by 29 per cent, was simple economic necessity.
"It was more intrigue than anything. I was fascinated by it
when I was 13," Ms. Valiquette says. "When I was 16, I ran away from home and my
girlfriend and I decided we'd give it a shot." They got scared before they could
go through with it, and got regular jobs instead. But three years later "we were
making minimum wage and not getting anywhere," so they finally started working
the street.
Ms. Valiquette's example prompted a roommate to join her on
the stroll. "I never tried to talk her into it," she recalls.
Drugs do lead some women into prostitution, but not as many
as the stereotype suggests: In the University of Victoria study, 18 per cent of
respondents blamed addiction. Women who follow that path tend to have suffered
horrible abuse in childhood and adolescence, with substance abuse and addiction
coming later.
It's also true that pimps lure some women into the sex
trade. In the study, 13 per cent of respondents said someone had forced them
into prostitution. However, that percentage is likely lower than the reality,
because, as the study notes, prostitutes currently under the control of a pimp
would be unlikely to speak to the researchers.
Runaways are obviously at risk of falling into the hands of
pimps. But Vancouver's Det.-Const. Payette of the Vancouver vice unit says
they're not the only ones.
"People think (prostitutes) are always from abusive homes
and from bad neighbourhoods. That's not always true. We deal also with nice kids
from nice neighbourhoods," he says. "They make the big mistake of falling in
love with the wrong guy or falling in with the wrong crowd and it's
over."
In the popular image, pimps control women with violence.
Some do: In the trade, they're called "gorilla pimps." But they're not typical.
Other pimps even consider them weak. The preferred method of recruitment and
control is psychological manipulation.
In one scheme, Det.-Const. Payette says, pimps have their
"main girl" spend time in suburban malls. They'll meet teenage girls, strike up
friendships and offer to take them to bars. "You go to the bar and you get in
because the doorman knows exactly who she is. So you're in. So you do this two,
or three or four more times. After the fourth time, you meet a guy. He never
says anything about prostitution. He talks, (says), 'You're lovely, you're
beautiful,' and yadda yadda. Probably have sex with him for the first time in
your life." Flattery and gifts follow.
Then the new boyfriend tells her she owes him money for the
gifts. And he tells her how she can earn it. If she refuses, the "main girl"
might threaten to beat her. Or the pimp might tell her, says Det.-Const.
Payette, " 'I'm going to phone your dad and tell him you had sex with me and
that you had sex with my two friends that one night.' "
So she agrees to work the street, thinking the debt can soon
be paid off. But the pimp won't let her pay it off. Or he'll find new sources of
debt. "A lot of girls think, 'If I put my head down, I can get through this.'
And it just gets worse and worse."
Pimps also manipulate women to keep them vulnerable and
dependent. They'll move them to new cities. And they'll carefully cultivate the
love their young victims still feel.
A pimp might, for example, order his "main girl" to beat the
girl so he can intervene and "save" her. "What better situation is there than a
female is going to beat you up and I step in as the protector?" says Det.-Const.
Payette. "You know, they can manipulate chrome off a bumper."
These con games take time and effort, limiting the girls a
pimp can control effectively. "The most I've ever seen one guy have direct
control over was six," Det-.Const. Payette says. "That's a lot of work. I would
say on average you see somewhere between two and four."
But even in the case of pimps, researchers say, realities
vary.
There are female pimps, for example. And while pimps are
usually older than the women they control, that's not always so.
Just who is a pimp is also much less clear than most people
think. The criminal law doesn't use the word, so there is no definition. The
main charge for pimping is simply living "on the avails of prostitution." Read
literally, it includes husbands and boyfriends of prostitutes, even their
children. To avoid that absurdity, courts have required that the relationship be
"parasitic" for charges to stick.
And yet, says Simon Fraser's Mr. Lowman, these "pimps" and
their workers sometimes form lasting relationships. "Some pimps marry the women,
they have children with them, they grow old with them.
It's not just this monolithic entity."
That is all the more true of the men buying sex.
"Customers could be anybody," says Chris Atchison, a
criminologist affiliated with the University of Toronto and Simon Fraser
University. There is no "typical john," he says. "The only thing that all
customers have in common is they're buying sex. That's about it."
That diversity is reflected in the reasons why men buy sex.
"They're the same motivations that motivate any man to have sex," says Mr.
Atchison, who has spent the past six years studying prostitutes' customers.
"They're complex. They're diverse."
One reason is pretty basic. "A lot of these guys say, 'Why
did I go? To get my rocks off.' That's the bottom line. It's quick, easy,
non-committed sex."
A subtler influence is the social message that "you're only
a man if you can have sex, and frequently," Mr. Atchison feels.
A few johns are looking for forms of sex they can't have
otherwise. Some, for example, want sex with juveniles, but this is rare. A
recent University of British Columbia survey of men in john school found just
five per cent of the anonymous respondents said they had paid for sex with a
person under 18 years of age. Overwhelmingly, johns expressed strong disapproval
of sex with minors.
The hidden world of hookers: (Part 2)
Another motivation is the desire to hold power over another
person. "Not all interactions between buyers and sellers are about exploitation
of power in that way," says Mr. Atchison, "but many of them are."
Det.-Const. Payette says he once stopped a man who "drove a
nice new Jaguar. Very nice man. Picking up a prostitute that was the most
asexual human being I've ever met. She was (like) a concentration camp victim --
she looked exactly like the photos of the Jewish women at Auschwitz and Dachau."
This very wealthy man, says Det.-Const. Payette, "was
bargaining with her. He wanted to pay $15 for sex without a condom but she
wanted $20 and he was bargaining with her. I finally asked him, in sheer
frustration, because he was really bothering me, 'How much are your socks
worth?' He said, 'Around $78.' "
Det.-Const. Payette shakes his head. "That's not about sex.
That's about power."
Other, more forgivable motives also lead men to prostitutes.
"There are men who go to sex workers for what they describe as some sort of
emotional connection, a conversation, or just someone to be with," Mr. Atchison
says.
Researchers and police agree johns are not some deviant
sub-group. They are, Det.-Const. Payette says, a reflection of the whole
community. "But that's not what people want to hear. People want to hear it's
all uneducated people or it's all people from bad neighbourhoods. That's not
true. We deal with everything in society."
In saying that, he neatly summarizes not just the reality of
johns, but the entire commercial sex industry.
Prostitution is not some deviant activity. It is a mirror of
all of us. Like the society it reflects, the reality of the sex trade varies
from person to person. It is profoundly complex, defying easy stereotypes and,
most of all, simple answers.
The Lethal Streets of Ottawa
Streetwalking in any city can be deadly. Ottawa is no
exception.
Stacey Heil:
Found Oct. 15, 2000
A drug user from the age of 16, Stacey Joyce Heil, 30, was
facing charges in connection with a series of bank robberies at the time of her
death.
Early on the morning of Oct. 15, 2000, Ms. Heil's body was
discovered lying in the middle of Concession Road 25 by a Bourget-area man with
his five-year-old son and eight-year-old nephew, who were out riding all-terrain
vehicles.
The streetwalker had been stripped naked except for a pair
of socks, and there were obvious signs of trauma to the head and body.
Two weeks later, police arrested a Cornwall man, Richard
Roger Chatelain, and charged him with first-degree murder. The case has not yet
come to trial.
Carrie Mancuso:
Found Sept. 7, 1995
Carrie Mancuso, a drug abuser and prostitute, was found dead
of asphyxiation in her Lafontaine Street apartment in Vanier.
Police believe she bought drugs Sept. 6 at the corner of
Rideau and Nelson streets, then left in a taxi, returning to the Byward Market
area later that evening.
At about 2 a.m., police say she left the Market with a man
in a kilt, spending the night with him at her apartment.
Witnesses said he left in the morning through a window after
an unknown man rang the bell. At 9:43 p.m. Sept. 7, a male friend found her
dead.
The case remains unsolved.
Sophie Filion:
Found Dec. 3, 1993
Sophie Filion's body was found, clad only in a slip, and
stuffed into two garbage bags in a parking lot in Westboro on Dec. 3, 1993. She
had been strangled.
The 23-year-old cocaine addict and street prostitute had
last been seen alive at about 6 a.m. on Nov. 16, 1993, when a man saw her
getting into a white delivery van at the corner of Kent and Laurier
streets.
Investigators narrowed the investigation to one man, but
were never able to gather enough evidence to make an arrest.
Melinda Sheppit:
Found Sept. 30, 1990
Just 16 years old, Ms. Sheppit was no hardened streetwalker,
but a lost girl from a good family who had become pregnant and soon drifted into
a life of prostitution.
Her semi-nude body was found in a Murray Street parking lot
around 11 a.m. She was missing a shoe. Police believe her killer may have taken
it as a trophy.
Investigators said she'd only been working in the Market for
three weeks before she was strangled to death.
Ms. Sheppit, a St. Patrick's High School student, had last
been seen alive near Clarence and Dalhousie streets in the Byward Market in the
early morning of Sept. 30. Some suggest she may have been getting into a
car.
As with Sophie Filion, police believed they knew who had
killed Ms. Sheppit, but did not have enough evidence to lay charges.
Jane Sutherland:
Found Oct. 23, 1984
Jane Louise Sutherland, a Cree teenager, left her Northern
Ontario reserve for Ottawa in the spring of 1982.
Two and a half years later, her fully clothed body was found
just after noon in Hull's Jacques Cartier Park, across the Ottawa River from
Lowertown. She'd been dead two or three days.
She'd been strangled and her skull crushed with repeated
blows from a blunt instrument.
A friend of Jane's told police the two had had a few beers
that night at the Venezia Restaurant on Dalhousie Street. From there she left to
walk to Hull.
A drug addict, Ms. Sutherland supported her habit through
prostitution.
Her case has never been solved.
Tomorrow:
Is prostitution ever a choice?
Next Saturday:
Is the law killing women?
Contact Dan Gardner at dgardner@thecitizen.southam.ca
© Copyright 2002 The Ottawa Citizen
|
Email: wleng@missingpeople.netUpdated: January 01, 2007 |
---------------------
AUGUST/SEPTEMBER
2014
INNOCENCE
LOST: CHILDREN IN THE SEX TRADE
• A spokeswoman at the IWK Health Centre said they do not offer any programs specifically tailored for underage prostitutes. The children’s hospital did not make anyone available for an interview to accompany this story.
• In an interview this May, Halifax RCMP Staff Sgt. Fred Priestley said there are normally about 40-50 juvenile prostitutes at any given time in Halifax. Overall, Priestly said there are a few hundred sex workers in the city and most use websites to get business.
• Dr. Michael Goodyear, a prostitution expert at Dalhousie University’s medical school, said the stigma faced by sex workers can be stronger for younger girls, making it harder for them to find treatment or safety. That fact also makes it more difficult to research the issue. He said many sex workers get their start in the business through the guidance of friends with connections.
• Earlier this month, Florence Muriel Young, 36, of Upper Hammonds Plains, was given a sixyear s entence after she pleaded guilty to three counts of living off the avails of the prostitution of three girls aged 16 and under. Two similar cases involving other people are currently before the courts.
• There were 63 new advertisements placed under the escorts section of Backpage.com as recently as last week. Several of them said the girl is “young." Other ads were for males, s ome mentioned “half-price Thursdays" and others indicated the services were available in Truro, Sydney, Kentville and Wolfville. Some ads provided the name of the sex worker’s downtown Halifax hotel.
-------------
How a troubled teen turned to the
sex trade
LOST GIRL
How a troubled home life and the promise of easy money lured a 13-year-old into the sex trade
How a troubled home life and the promise of easy money lured a 13-year-old into the sex trade
DAN ARSENAULT CRIME REPORTER
She was only 13 or 14, but Lisa was selling her body for sex and advertising for new clients in the escorts section of Backpage.com. She’d meet males, ranging in age from 17 to about 70, in hotels or apartments. Her ads would bring her up to 10 calls a day and she might work with five people daily, she said.
The Halifax-area girl had run off from a home she’d been placed in elsewhere in the province. At the time, she was always angry and confused and joined another girl who showed her the way into the fast life.
Lisa is a little older now, no longer prostitutes herself and is preparing for a return to school.
Her mother Margaret — who’d also worked in the sex trade — contacted The Chronicle Herald this June. She wanted to make more people aware of this issue, which she says involves dozens of troubled local girls under age 16.
Weeks later, Lisa also decided that she wanted to talk about it.
Lisa and Margaret are not their real names. Some details that might identify them have been left out o f this story.
They have privacy concerns and say safety is an issue, too.
“I just wish, I guess, kids could live as much as normal," Lisa said in a late-morning interview at a Halifax coffee shop. “I was so careless. I definitely wasn’t safe."
Lisa was five years old the first time she was taken from Margaret, whose own tough life started in a rural part of the province. Margaret endured teenaged sexual abuse, then some violent adult relationships and a subsequent turn to drug addiction.
“My mom was in a violent relationship and I don’t think she was around the right people," said Lisa, who does not remember much about that time.
Margaret’s partner hit her and threatened to kill her, but never in front of Lisa.
“She didn’t witness (it) but she heard it all," Margaret said, adding Lisa was never physically struck or abused.
Lisa returned home after a few months and things stayed that way until she reached age 10, which is when her behaviour became pretty much uncontrollable.
Margaret was in another unhealthy relationship, had other kids to keep an eye on and started abusing Dilaudid.
“That’s when I started to deteriorate mentally and emotionally so I take full responsibility for that," Margaret said. “I don’t deny my part that I played in this path that she’s on."
Margaret regularly called the police to pick up Lisa and made self-referrals seeking parenting assistance from child welfare agencies.
Lisa, like the other kids, was removed from the home, which also took her away from her school and friends.
“I missed out on that point in my life where I could have . . . I don’t know what normal is, but like a normal teenage childhood."
Lisa was under the care of an agency the first time she smoked marijuana at age 11. She resisted authority and rarely accepted the help offered by social workers.
“I liked some of them but most of the time I didn’t. I felt the system was all twisted and backwards. I was angry at everybody. I think I got, like, a lot of chances to change and step up but . . . I felt like I was too far gone."
Margaret and Lisa wanted to be reunited, but that wouldn’t happen for years.
“My mom was a good mom to me, she loved me but she also didn’t have the help of parenting skills, the relationship skills," Lisa said.
Both acknowledge Margaret was unfit to have control of her children at the time of the separation, but Margaret thinks she could have kicked her drug addiction with proper support, which she says wasn’t available.
Lisa hated being in the care of others and soon learned she couldn’t be forced to attend school.
Margaret said her daughter learned something by not attending classes: how to manipulate people and the child-care system.
She star ted hanging out with a like-minded girl and her resentment grew, as did her search for independence. It was around this time Lisa found out Margaret had briefly prostituted herself in order to buy Dilaudid off the street.
The lure of making money appealed to Lisa, but she never really gave any thought to sex work.
She’d drank and partied before but her decision to sell her body was a spur-of-the-moment thing, Lisa said.
Well-spoken and pretty, Lisa knew she could convince people she was much older. Her friend had connections in the s ex trade and Lisa’s mindset was incredibly negative at the time, so she took that previously inconceivable step once when the pair had run o ff.
“To me that (sex work) was gross, but my judgment was so . . . it just felt like I had no emotion or nothing to lose at the time, which sucked for being 13 years old, right?"
“My generation, everybody is very attracted to money and fame, the high life and drugs. Everybody was very attracted to this fast life."
She compared her situation — of getting away from child support agencies and b eing out on her own — to that of more established, adventure-seeking adults.
“There’s good, positive people that their fast life is travelling when they’re 21 and going to Miami and partying it up," she said.
“But the fast life we were living was, you know, sleeping with men for money and having five bills and, you know, doing coke and new clothes and having nice brand names and things. I felt, like, very independent almost. Making my own money and being able to live by myself."
Lisa came into contact with p olice and eventually ended up back in Margaret’s home, which made her happy at first.
“She just really wanted to come home and live a normal life," Margaret said. “Once she got home, she didn’t like normal."
Margaret and Lisa made it clear they love one another and want to maintain a positive relationship.
However, they had issues which revolved around Lisa’s independence and the trappings tied to her newfound means of getting money and attention .
“She wanted to go hang out with certain people," her mother said. “Her own therapist even said (Lisa) is attracted to the money . . . and this lifestyle and the drama that comes along with this lifestyle."
In the hopes of keeping Lisa home, Margaret tried to tap into the things she learned in therapy, parenting classes and visits to a family resource centre. It didn’t work.
“When you try to apply that to a child like (mine) she laughs, like ‘are you kidding me?’ " Lisa left home and returned to s ex work.
She’d collect a lot of money and didn’t really have a pimp, but found there were other people hanging around to help sp end her money.
“At the time I was spending it on a lot of different people. They took advantage of me being an escort."
She used a wide variety of drugs, but never smoked crack or us ed needles, she said.
Once, she felt pressured by an older client who tried very hard to convince her to smoke crack.
Although she never felt threatened by a pimp and spoke of having people around for protection, she felt she couldn’t continue to make good money and remain independent. She initially thought she was smar t by making her own money, but later felt like a fo ol for wasting it on others.
Margaret knew what Lisa was up to.
She downloaded pictures (that did not show Lisa’s face) from the online ads and showed them to p olice.
“They’d tell me, ‘If we find her and she looks safe, there’s nothing we can do about it,’ " Margaret said.
Just as when Lisa stopped attending school, Margaret believes her girl had too much control over the situation. She said if Lisa denied being a sex worker, police or social workers tended to back off. “ My daughter is not that easily played," Margaret said. “She’s never been made accountable for any of her actions."
As for the police, Margaret thinks they are too interested in seeking prosecutions. She disputes comments from p olice who say they use a harm-reduction model that favours finding support programs for sex workers over laying charges.
After another run-in with p olice, Lisa left sex work and returned home. Lisa said many of her peers are into the fast life. She estimates she cou ld identify 50 female s ex workers younger than 16 in Halifax, a number similar to one police have previously used.
They are afraid of being taken to Toronto by pimps, she said.
Like her mother, Lisa wishes she’d been allowed to return home earlier and distrusts the system that kept them apart. She thinks she’d never have gotten into sex work if that was the case.
However, “I’d be no saint," she acknowledges.
She has known one p olice o fficer for more than a year, but refus es to trust the cop completely.
“I think you’re stupid if you trust anybody 100 per cent," she said.
Similarly, she said she’s misus ed the trust shown to her by police and social workers.
“I think they’ll take a youth’s word, which is stupid, over parents’ concerns."
She admits she couldn’t have been talked out of doing the things she did.
“I don’t know how to convince people to stay away from it. It’s dirty and it’s sad and I just shouldn’t have been in that situation. I missed out on my innocence. It’s not like I can go back."
If things work out at school, she said she might like to us e her own experiences and knowledge of the system to work with troubled kids like her.
However, for now, she still struggles with authority and damaged emotions that can sometimes flare up. Margaret said she never sees Lisa show emotions or cry anym o re.
Random Facebook messages or emails from p eople still living the fast life can hit Lisa at weak moments and she said her biggest worry is she’ll make another dangerous, spur-of-the-moment decision .
“My fear is that it still excites me and I have no friggin’ clue why. I’m just in a point in my life where I’m trying to figure it all out actually, because I feel lost all the time."
WALK A MILE IN MY SHOES- JOE SOUTH- 1970s
One Billion Rising- No More Excuses- No More Abuses -St. Mary's University Cousin Mary-Canada's Fludd- 1973 back then we were going 2 change the world..... and came so far 4 women, girls and kids... it's just so unfair that political greed... breeds humanity's indifference
HUNDREDS-THOUSANDS- MISSING ABUSED WOMEN/GIRLS/PROSTITUTES-DRUGS/SEX-TRAFFICKING- TORTURED- HEY CANADA- WE NEED A REAL INQUIRY IN2 ALL MISSING WOMEN...
Witness haunted by the long ago disappearance of Lynn Adel Oliver
Woman says she saw missing Oliver in a man’s car after she went missing
A woman says she saw Lewis Seward Bowden and Lynn Adel Oliver at Albert and Marsh streets in New Glasgow 35 years ago. Oliver’s disappearance remains a mystery. (CHRISTIAN LAFORCE / Staff)
She nearly stopped in her tracks.
He stared at her — she stared back.
The young woman beside him also stared, before he shoved her head down and their car took off.
That was 35 years ago — and the Pictou County woman can’t forget that day.
The woman, who asked that her name not be used, wonders if she had done or said something, Lynn Adel Oliver, missing from New Glasgow since back then, might have been found.
“The car is sketched in my mind. He’s looking straight at me and I’m looking dead at him, and she’s sitting,” the witness said in a recent interview.
“Me and her actually made eye contact.”
Then 22, Oliver had been missing for about a month. She was last seen on Aug. 25, 1979. There has been no trace of her for more than three decades.
She had been fearful of a man, Lewis Seward Bowden, who lived in her area.
And that’s the same man the witness believes she saw in the brown car with Oliver.
“First, I was stunned, then I was sick to my stomach,” said the witness. “I wanted … to get back home as quick as I could.”
Bowden wasn’t supposed to be around Oliver, but there he was, according to the witness, with her in his car at Albert and Marsh streets in New Glasgow.
By this time, police had been out looking everywhere for the mother, who family and friends have said would have never willingly spent so much time away from her young son.
When he laid eyes on the witness at the intersection, Bowden got very uncomfortable, the witness remembers.
“He was frantic, there was no two ways about it,” she said. “At this point, he knew I saw him and I saw her.”
The car drove off toward his mother’s place on Bowden Road, where Bowden lived with his ailing mother.
And that’s the last time the witness ever saw Oliver.
The witness eventually told a police investigator, who she said didn’t seem to take her story very seriously way back then.
But in the past number of years, things have changed; New Glasgow Regional Police Service opened up the cold case and are checking out numerous leads.
In 2007, the province announced a $50,000 reward for information leading to a conviction in Oliver’s disappearance. The award, under the Rewards for Major Unsolved Crimes Program, has since tripled to $150,000.
Before she vanished, Oliver told her mother she was afraid of Bowden, who lived in nearby Priestville.
The Pictou County witness had kept her information secret for years, because some family members warned her how dangerous Bowden could be.
According to a court records search, Bowden, now 56, is in custody awaiting two different trials — one is set for Tuesday in Halifax provincial court and involves charges of unlawful confinement, assault, uttering threats, theft, mischief and breaching probation.
Those charges stem from a Halifax incident in May 2013.
Bowden will also be in Dartmouth provincial court Oct. 21 on charges of assault with a weapon, assault, breaching probation and breaching a court order. Those counts are related to an alleged Dartmouth incident between April 30 and June 14 of this year.
His record includes convictions from 2007 to 2012 for various offences: aggravated assault, at last four counts of assault, possession of a weapon for a dangerous purpose, unlawfully being in a dwelling house, theft and breaching court orders.
In the 2007 offence he pleaded guilty to, police said he tortured his common-law wife in their Cole Harbour home. He tied the woman’s hands, and then a leg, to a bedpost, stuffed a towel in her mouth and beat her with a pipe. Bowden then stabbed her in the jaw and leg. The entire assault lasted several hours, with their 14-year-old son in the room. Bowden, who was high on crack cocaine, ordered the teen to clean up the blood.
In a separate crack-fuelled attack two days earlier, Bowden hit the woman with the butt of his rifle and smashed her face with a barbell.
Because of friends’ and family warnings, the witness left her sighting unreported.
But the fact that one voice remained silent hasn’t stopped others from speaking over the past 35 years. There are unconfirmed reports that Oliver was seen at the Bowden property after she was reported missing.
Sgt. Steve Chisholm, a New Glasgow police investigator, said last week he is aware of the witness’s reported sighting of Oliver, but he added that more evidence is required to corroborate her story.
“We need some stronger information,” Chisholm said, adding that there’s always the hope that someone who has seen something may come forward.
“She went missing in broad daylight in a fairly open area of the community on the west side of New Glasgow,” the investigator said of Oliver’s disappearance at 11:40 a.m. on Stellarton Road.
Oliver had just left her workplace, Quality Cleaners, and co-workers said she had seemed nervous that day.
“We try to remind people that we really believe that someone out there knows something that could be a key element in helping us solve this mystery,” said Chisholm.
The Bowden homestead is now gone, and someone else has purchased the property, said the witness. She often wonders if the rumours are true that Oliver may have been there, and that there is some sign of her left behind.
Unfortunately, sometimes small communities keep big secrets.
“We wish the mentality wasn’t like that,” said the officer.
But just one new piece of information could help the Oliver family — Lynn left behind her mother, who is now elderly, and a now grown-up son — have some peace, said Chisholm.
“I’m sure not a day goes by that they don’t think, ‘I wonder where Lynn’s at,’” the investigator said. “That’s the sad thing about cold cases.”
With Steve Bruce, court reporter
-------------
- PDF]
Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls in Canada - Institute on ...
Although Aboriginal women and girls in Canada are at a higher risk of being .....
substance abuse that significantly affect street-based prostitutes in many ......
gradually and more insidiously: “Drug addiction 'sucks Aboriginal girls in and
keeps them ... Participants raised concerns that police missing persons units and
social ...
AUGUST 23, 2014 UPDATES-
Aug
24 2014 — Tom Brodbeck
— Sun Media
The killing of one aboriginal woman, or anybody
else, is one too many. But according to an RCMP report released earlier this
year, the number of murdered aboriginal women in Canada per capita has dropped
41% from 1996 to 2011. You’d hardly know it, with ongoing calls for a national
inquiry and claims the problem […]
Canada's Shania Twain wrote Black Eyes, Blue Tears back in the 90s.... and put it 2 music and played it around the world.... Shania kicked country music's ass and the black hats... and woke the world up 2 girls count... girls are equal and ... girls can do anything they dream on.... Shania Twain was adopted when she was 2 by Objiway Gerry Twain (she adored her Grandpa Twain) who adored his wife, Sharon. Shania grew up in the 'Reserves, Bands' of First Peoples of Canada - 10,000 and knew exactly what it was like 2 live in poverty, despair and the injustice of the horrible treatment of Canada's First Peoples as all Governments of Canada and all political stripes- throwaway trash..... Shania Twain is a hero to so many women globally.... and has over one billion fans.... shania walked the talk and kept her soul, her honour and the respect of herself and her fans....
Shania started food banks at all her shows, including kids from each and every town, supported and played 4 troops be4 it became noticed, and said - feed your own kids first and those of your communities, villages and cities- 4God's sake look after ur kids..... Shania is one of China's favourite artists- and one of the world's - Shania made women matter and girls believe in empowerment of education and freedom... and equality.... Shania kept her honour, her dignity and her courage and the deep devotion of her billion fans... and Shania never sold us out not once.... Shania walked the floor 2 support Toby Keith and the troops when u could NOT find country music 2 do so.... Shania soundly reported 2 media that she admired and respect Michael Jackson's brilliance and found him 2 be a good and gentle man... when u COULD NOT find a star of any colour 2 step up ..... that's Canadian folks.... Canadians are know as the most loyal fans and friends on the planet... and have proven it on the battlefield so often that it's a given by all nations.... Canadian troops are the most respected and trusted out there... and that's not bad.
ONE BILLION RISING- stop the abuses- stop the excuses- IT'S NOT JUST ABORIGINAL WOMEN BEING ABUSED TORTURED AND MURDERED IN CANADA.... we must fix this.... don't discriminate one woman's scars over another.... AND MISSING MURDERED PROSTITUTES DIE MISSING... AND WAY 2 OFTEN 2 F**KING HARD..... and that's the real inquiry!!!!!! imho
BLACK EYS, BLUE TEARS... SHANIA TWAIN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26Fd5Q2-VC0
"Black Eyes, Blue Tears"
Black eyes, I don't need 'em
Blue tears, gimme freedom
Positively never goin' back
I won't live where things are so out of whack
No more rollin' with the punches
No more usin' or abusin'
I'd rather die standing
Than live on my knees
Begging please-no more
Black eyes-I don't need 'em
Blue tears-gimme freedom
Black eyes-all behind me
Blue tears'll never find me now
Definitley found my self esteem
Finally-I'm forever free to dream
No more cryin' in the corner
No excuses-no more bruises
I'd rather die standing
Than live on my knees
Begging please-no more
Black eyes-I don't need 'em
Blue tears-gimme freedom
Black eyes-all behind me
Blue tears'll never find me now
I'd rather die standing
Than live on my knees, begging please...
Black eyes-I don't need 'em
Blue tears-gimme freedom
Black eyes-all behind me
Blue tears'll never find me now
It's all behind me, they'll never find me now
Find your self-esteem and be forever free to dream
------------
--------------
------------------
BLOGGED:
ABORTION AND CANADA- it's the law - Women equal Men in Canada...Women do NOT equal men in USA and UNITED NATIONS- and folks Religion matters 2 global nations - ensuring women and girls have decent prenatal care and children have health care is PARAMONT 2 BASIC HEALTH OF GIRLS N WOMEN- that must matter first...in 2da's world - come on be realistic June 2014- Justin attending Muslim Convention with ur stand on Abortion and men having no say in life choice 2 have a child? Seriously?ONE BILLION RISING- break the chains- no more abuses-no more excuses
------------------
1.
[PDF]
20 Jan 2006 ...
―The prostitution of women and girls for profit is one of the
fastest ... crime, tied with illegal arms sales and
only trailing illegal drug sales. .... Canada's First Nations Women, Fourth
World Journal, Vol 6 No 1, pp. ..... by the disadvantaged status of women in many
regions, by the childhood sexual abuse for.
----------------
https://ca.news.yahoo.com/.../prostitution--canada-s-new-proposed-law-is-finally-a-step-in-the-right-direction-200214814.html - Cached
14 Jun 2014 ...
respond prostitution advocates, as if all opinions on the issue should
be ... and 20 years of age, with many
suffering from substance abuse and prior sexual victimization. ... Aboriginal
girls and women constitute a disproportionately large share of the victims, including
trafficked, missing and murdered victims.
-----------
RELOCATION
REVISITED: SEX TRAFFICKING OF
NATIVE
WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES
Sarah
Deer
†
I. I
NTRODUCTION
......................................................................
622
II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:PRELIMINARY NOTES ON CONTEXT
...............................................................................
630
III. ENSLAVEMENT
........................................................................
632
A.
Pre-Colonial Human Captivity
..........................................
633
B. Indian
Slavery under Spanish and Portuguese Law
............
636
C. Indian
Slavery under English Law
....................................
638
D. Indian
Slavery under French Law
......................................
639
E. Indian
Slavery in the United States
....................................
640
IV. EXPLOITATION
.......................................................................
640
A. Sexual
Exploitation Under Colonial Rule
...........................
647
B.
Commodifying Native Women Through Marriage
...............
656
V. EXPORTATION
........................................................................
657
A. Forced Migration—”Trails of
Tears”
B. .................................
661
B.
Trafficking in Native Ch
ildren:
Mandatory Boarding
Schools
..............................................................................
665
VI. RELOCATION REVISITED
........................................................
669
VII. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
.........................................................
674
A.
Individual Risk Factors
.....................................................
677
B.
Community Risk Factors
....................................................
680
C. Sex
Trafficking and Murder: An Undeniable Link
.............
681
D. Where
Do We Go From Here?
.............................................
682
†
Assistant
Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law. Invaluable
research
assistance was provided by Blue Thomas and Kate M. Whelan. I am
especially
grateful to Colette Routel for her helpful suggestions and to the Warren E.
GENERAL COMMENTS FROM EDMONTON
PonderingThings
01-30-2006,
05:09 PM
COMMENT FROM 2006
About the Edmonton killer. He targets "high risk" lifestyle
women. Mostly prostitutes but is also responsible for the killing of
"party girls". He's been doing it for a lot of years and hasn't got
caught. Not all the "working girls" were street walkers. Some would
market themselves at specific bars... yet few leads as to his identity has come
forward.
Your post doesn't mention his age but I've heard he's thought to be in his late 40s.
The description of the serial killer fits about 80% of the male population of Edmonton. Most drive big trucks. Most cost a lot of money so they are kept sparkling clean. Most Edmonton males do their own thing. Its a "workaholic" round the clock lifestyle for many... so its not uncommon for someone to wash their truck at 2 am - in their garage or in the summer outside.
Edmonton has the highest number of parolees in the province. A large percentage of them were put in prison for sexual crimes. They choose Edmonton as its a place where there is a lot of "blue collar" work.
Its also the "gateway to the north". People come to shop in Edmonton. They also come to party after being out in the woods for 6-8 weeks on oil rigs. Many men working in the oil fields maintain a home in Edmonton (some with a wife and children). There is also a lot of "transient workers" - not homeless, instead people that come to Edmonton looking for contract work as a lot of businesses are based there for hiring. Welders, Machinists, Cooks, Drivers, etc..
This serial killer is not the same as the pig farmer (different method and very far apart geographically). The Edmonton serial killer dumps the bodies in fields off of secondary roads. Not too far from the city, but are considered rural. He takes a risk doing this as the areas are very flat and people could theoretically spot him... but so far nobody has.
There is a stretch of hiway, outside of Kamloops, B.C. (Between Edmonton and Vancouver) that some bodies have been found "in a similiar style" as the Edmonton killer. Some (not the authorities) have speculated that he is indeed a trucker and services the Alberta/B.C. Oil and Gas or forrest industry. LOTS of trucks, hot rush courriers, and food supply drivers make a good living doing this kind of work. Its all speculation though. By the time the bodies are found there is usually not much evidence left.
Your post doesn't mention his age but I've heard he's thought to be in his late 40s.
The description of the serial killer fits about 80% of the male population of Edmonton. Most drive big trucks. Most cost a lot of money so they are kept sparkling clean. Most Edmonton males do their own thing. Its a "workaholic" round the clock lifestyle for many... so its not uncommon for someone to wash their truck at 2 am - in their garage or in the summer outside.
Edmonton has the highest number of parolees in the province. A large percentage of them were put in prison for sexual crimes. They choose Edmonton as its a place where there is a lot of "blue collar" work.
Its also the "gateway to the north". People come to shop in Edmonton. They also come to party after being out in the woods for 6-8 weeks on oil rigs. Many men working in the oil fields maintain a home in Edmonton (some with a wife and children). There is also a lot of "transient workers" - not homeless, instead people that come to Edmonton looking for contract work as a lot of businesses are based there for hiring. Welders, Machinists, Cooks, Drivers, etc..
This serial killer is not the same as the pig farmer (different method and very far apart geographically). The Edmonton serial killer dumps the bodies in fields off of secondary roads. Not too far from the city, but are considered rural. He takes a risk doing this as the areas are very flat and people could theoretically spot him... but so far nobody has.
There is a stretch of hiway, outside of Kamloops, B.C. (Between Edmonton and Vancouver) that some bodies have been found "in a similiar style" as the Edmonton killer. Some (not the authorities) have speculated that he is indeed a trucker and services the Alberta/B.C. Oil and Gas or forrest industry. LOTS of trucks, hot rush courriers, and food supply drivers make a good living doing this kind of work. Its all speculation though. By the time the bodies are found there is usually not much evidence left.
---------------
PonderingThings
01-30-2006,
07:16 PM
There is very little information out there on the Edmonton Serial
Killer. When Authorities were challenged about that, by the media, they simply
said it was because there isn't much. Here is an "indepth" article
about the murders
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/edmonton_murders/
I believe they said he made a mistake with the body of Melissa Munch, but as far as I'm aware they never said what the mistake was. The assumption is that they found some trace evidence, or it was "planted" information to try to get him to panic?
Here is a site that lists the victims, with photos (when they were alive), and a little blurb about them http://www.primetimecrime.com/Recent/murder_Edmonton_Serial.htm
***Please note: The dates listed are the dates the bodies were found, not the dates the women are thought to have died. It gives a false picture of escalation if you go by the dates found.
There was very little interest in the murder of these women until Robert Pickton was arrested and the Authorities in that province were severely critized for not doing anything because the missing women were prostitutes.
They have since done a lot. Project Kare, http://www.kare.ca/ was started and the deaths were linked.
You also have to understand the "climate" in Edmonton regarding prostitutes. It has the highest number of pages, in the city Yellow Pages, for Escorts in all of Canada (or it did have a few years back), yet the then Mayor went on camera and stated he opposed the use of the term "Sex Trade Workers" as it denigrated the term "trade" the skilled blue color workers proudly used.http://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/loser.gifhttp://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/loser.gifhttp://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/loser.gif He was voted out in the next Mayoral elections.....http://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/razz.gif
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/edmonton_murders/
I believe they said he made a mistake with the body of Melissa Munch, but as far as I'm aware they never said what the mistake was. The assumption is that they found some trace evidence, or it was "planted" information to try to get him to panic?
Here is a site that lists the victims, with photos (when they were alive), and a little blurb about them http://www.primetimecrime.com/Recent/murder_Edmonton_Serial.htm
***Please note: The dates listed are the dates the bodies were found, not the dates the women are thought to have died. It gives a false picture of escalation if you go by the dates found.
There was very little interest in the murder of these women until Robert Pickton was arrested and the Authorities in that province were severely critized for not doing anything because the missing women were prostitutes.
They have since done a lot. Project Kare, http://www.kare.ca/ was started and the deaths were linked.
You also have to understand the "climate" in Edmonton regarding prostitutes. It has the highest number of pages, in the city Yellow Pages, for Escorts in all of Canada (or it did have a few years back), yet the then Mayor went on camera and stated he opposed the use of the term "Sex Trade Workers" as it denigrated the term "trade" the skilled blue color workers proudly used.http://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/loser.gifhttp://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/loser.gifhttp://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/loser.gif He was voted out in the next Mayoral elections.....http://www.websleuths.com/forums/images/smilies/razz.gif
Victims of Violence is a federally registered charitable organization.
Since our inception in 1984,
the mission of Victims of Violence has been:
|
INTRODUCTION
Human
trafficking is the fastest growing lucrative business in the world. It is also
the second largest organized-crime worldwide. This black market industry is
estimated to make over 10 billion dollars annually. Human trafficking is a form
of slavery in which the victims are used for either sexual or labour purposes.
Though most prominent in Europe, humans are trafficked all around the world. The majority of victims are sold into the sex trade where they are tortured, raped, drugged, and beaten and otherwise treated as anything but human. They are forced to dance in clubs or held locked in dirty rooms until a ‘client’ comes. Expected to work 24 hours a day, these people, often women, are quickly drained and often left numb and broken, if they even survive.
Though most prominent in Europe, humans are trafficked all around the world. The majority of victims are sold into the sex trade where they are tortured, raped, drugged, and beaten and otherwise treated as anything but human. They are forced to dance in clubs or held locked in dirty rooms until a ‘client’ comes. Expected to work 24 hours a day, these people, often women, are quickly drained and often left numb and broken, if they even survive.
DEFINITIONS
Human
trafficking is the buying and selling of a human beings for sexual or labour
related purposes; human trafficking is slavery. The United Nations
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime defines human trafficking as the following:
“Trafficking in persons” means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, and of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits, to achieve the consent of a person to be in control of another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.”
“Trafficking in persons” means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, and of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits, to achieve the consent of a person to be in control of another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.”
It is important to note that human trafficking is not the same
as human smuggling. Roughly 85% of trafficked persons are trafficked into
the sex trade; about 10% are trafficked for labour and the remaining 5% for
other purposes. Because of these statistics the focus of this paper will be on
human trafficking for sexual purposes.
VICTIMS
Human
trafficking is a global phenomenon and the victims come from all around the
world. Eighty percent of the victims are female and fifty percent are children.
Historically, victims have been recruited through acquaintances but with the
development of technology, the internet has become a popular tool for
recruitment. The targeted age group is between 8 and 18 years of age, and the
victims are usually poor, orphaned, abandoned, or runaways. If the individual
has a drug addiction this increases their vulnerability.
The typical scenario is that a young person (usually female) is promised work in a rich country as a server, maid, or nanny. Once the victim arrives at the destination her/his identification and travel documents are taken away and usually destroyed. The victim is then groomed, manipulated, coerced, threatened, and forced into enter the sex trade. Once they become a part of the sex trade the victims receive little money for their work and any money they do make is often taken away and they are told that the money goes towards their food and lodging.
Example 1: Tania
Twenty-three year old Tania from the Ukraine was tricked into going to Turkey to work as a nanny. Regular customers, a husband and wife, at her cafe job in the Ukraine promised her $1000 dollars a month if she worked for them. They knew that both her mother and brother were sick with tuberculosis and that Tania needed the money to pay for the medical bills. The couple promised that she could leave at any time to return home, they would even purchase her ticket.
Tania never got a job as a nanny, but was sold to a violent pimp in Istanbul, Turkey. She was locked indoors at all times and forced to work 24 hour days. Tania would service about 8 men a day and wasn’t allowed to use condoms. Tania had become pregnant before she was kidnapped, and was forced by her pimp to have an abortion. Tania was sold three times until a “kind client” bought her and sent her home. She was gone a total of two and a half months. For more on Tania please visit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/map/tania.html
Example 2: Eva
Eva lived with her brother in a big apartment in Hungary. She worked in the film industry, making music videos. When she realized that they were far behind in rent she checked the newspaper for better paying jobs abroad. She found an advertisement looking for nannies and housekeepers for families in Canada, the United States, and England. Eva called and was told of a job opportunity in Toronto, Canada with a Hungarian family. Eva didn’t speak any English when she arrived in Canada, and after some difficulties in customs she was taken to a locked motel room where she was raped and beaten. The contract Eva had signed for the housekeeping job was really for a job as an exotic dancer. Eva was brought into Canada under a ‘stripper’ visa and forced to work at a club; all the money she made went to her captors. Eva eventually managed to escape with the help of the club manager and went to the Canadian police. The stripper visa program no longer exists in Canada. For more about Eva please visit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/map/eva.html
Example 3: Katia
Katia, four and a half months pregnant, was encouraged by her mother to travel to Turkey to buy some things for her mother’s shop. An acquaintance, Vlad, offered to travel with her. He spoke the language and was going to Turkey anyways. He promised Katia’s husband, Vioerel, that he would keep her safe. Vlad sold Katia for $1000 dollars and then called and informed her husband of what he did. Katia was then resold to a particularly violent pimp by the name of Apo. Katia was beaten, drugged, and raped over the course of several weeks. Her husband, Viorel, desperately sought her out and tired to save her. With the help of the FRONTLINE team who filmed the documentary “Sex Slaves”, Viorel was able to save Katia. However, Katia did have to terminate her pregnancy as a result of the violence she faced. For more on Katia please visit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/map/katia.html
Traffickers suggest that the women can buy their freedom by working and making enough money to cover the costs of the initial purpose. However, the pimp can inflate the price so that she can never leave. Or, he can also ‘fine’ her, for example if a client complains about her, and add to her costs. Even if a woman manages to work off her debt, the pimp will often sell her to another pimp where the cycle repeats itself.
Escape is impossible for the majority of trafficked women as many of them remain locked in a room at all times. Even if they do manage to escape the women face other obstacles. In some cases the police are corrupt and will return them to their pimps. Often the women don’t speak the language of the country they have been trafficked to, and are considered to be illegal aliens. These women are re-victimized by the system and deported. If these women manage to successfully get police help they rarely are willing to be witnesses. There is no witness protection program for these women and as the traffickers often know about their family and children, the women are unwilling to take the risk of angering them further.
Although the trafficked individuals are the main victims, the family and friends left behind are victimized as well. These individuals often have no idea what happened to their loved one, and in many cases, will never neither see nor hear from them again. Pimps and traffickers also know about the victim’s family and often threaten to harm or kill them if the victim ever tries to leave.
RECRUITERS
The recruiters are the first people in the human trafficking chain. The majority of recruiters are females and were often, at one point in time, sex workers themselves. Often, the only way to escape the sex trade is become a recruiter. This change from victim to perpetrator is known as second wave recruiting.
The typical scenario is that a young person (usually female) is promised work in a rich country as a server, maid, or nanny. Once the victim arrives at the destination her/his identification and travel documents are taken away and usually destroyed. The victim is then groomed, manipulated, coerced, threatened, and forced into enter the sex trade. Once they become a part of the sex trade the victims receive little money for their work and any money they do make is often taken away and they are told that the money goes towards their food and lodging.
Example 1: Tania
Twenty-three year old Tania from the Ukraine was tricked into going to Turkey to work as a nanny. Regular customers, a husband and wife, at her cafe job in the Ukraine promised her $1000 dollars a month if she worked for them. They knew that both her mother and brother were sick with tuberculosis and that Tania needed the money to pay for the medical bills. The couple promised that she could leave at any time to return home, they would even purchase her ticket.
Tania never got a job as a nanny, but was sold to a violent pimp in Istanbul, Turkey. She was locked indoors at all times and forced to work 24 hour days. Tania would service about 8 men a day and wasn’t allowed to use condoms. Tania had become pregnant before she was kidnapped, and was forced by her pimp to have an abortion. Tania was sold three times until a “kind client” bought her and sent her home. She was gone a total of two and a half months. For more on Tania please visit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/map/tania.html
Example 2: Eva
Eva lived with her brother in a big apartment in Hungary. She worked in the film industry, making music videos. When she realized that they were far behind in rent she checked the newspaper for better paying jobs abroad. She found an advertisement looking for nannies and housekeepers for families in Canada, the United States, and England. Eva called and was told of a job opportunity in Toronto, Canada with a Hungarian family. Eva didn’t speak any English when she arrived in Canada, and after some difficulties in customs she was taken to a locked motel room where she was raped and beaten. The contract Eva had signed for the housekeeping job was really for a job as an exotic dancer. Eva was brought into Canada under a ‘stripper’ visa and forced to work at a club; all the money she made went to her captors. Eva eventually managed to escape with the help of the club manager and went to the Canadian police. The stripper visa program no longer exists in Canada. For more about Eva please visit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/map/eva.html
Example 3: Katia
Katia, four and a half months pregnant, was encouraged by her mother to travel to Turkey to buy some things for her mother’s shop. An acquaintance, Vlad, offered to travel with her. He spoke the language and was going to Turkey anyways. He promised Katia’s husband, Vioerel, that he would keep her safe. Vlad sold Katia for $1000 dollars and then called and informed her husband of what he did. Katia was then resold to a particularly violent pimp by the name of Apo. Katia was beaten, drugged, and raped over the course of several weeks. Her husband, Viorel, desperately sought her out and tired to save her. With the help of the FRONTLINE team who filmed the documentary “Sex Slaves”, Viorel was able to save Katia. However, Katia did have to terminate her pregnancy as a result of the violence she faced. For more on Katia please visit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/map/katia.html
Traffickers suggest that the women can buy their freedom by working and making enough money to cover the costs of the initial purpose. However, the pimp can inflate the price so that she can never leave. Or, he can also ‘fine’ her, for example if a client complains about her, and add to her costs. Even if a woman manages to work off her debt, the pimp will often sell her to another pimp where the cycle repeats itself.
Escape is impossible for the majority of trafficked women as many of them remain locked in a room at all times. Even if they do manage to escape the women face other obstacles. In some cases the police are corrupt and will return them to their pimps. Often the women don’t speak the language of the country they have been trafficked to, and are considered to be illegal aliens. These women are re-victimized by the system and deported. If these women manage to successfully get police help they rarely are willing to be witnesses. There is no witness protection program for these women and as the traffickers often know about their family and children, the women are unwilling to take the risk of angering them further.
Although the trafficked individuals are the main victims, the family and friends left behind are victimized as well. These individuals often have no idea what happened to their loved one, and in many cases, will never neither see nor hear from them again. Pimps and traffickers also know about the victim’s family and often threaten to harm or kill them if the victim ever tries to leave.
RECRUITERS
The recruiters are the first people in the human trafficking chain. The majority of recruiters are females and were often, at one point in time, sex workers themselves. Often, the only way to escape the sex trade is become a recruiter. This change from victim to perpetrator is known as second wave recruiting.
These women advertise a glamorous job as a model or waitress in some foreign country, and flaunt the money potential by wearing beautiful clothes and jewellery or driving expensive cars. They seem kind and trustworthy. They point to themselves as examples of the rich rewards, promising safety and selling the glamour. It is common for recruiters to know the victim, or the victim’s family, personally.
TRAFFICKERS
Trafficking is a form of organized crime, and as such the traffickers are commonly gang members, who are also involved in other lucrative and illegal businesses, most commonly drugs. Small time criminals can also be traffickers, as can local pimps and even family members or friends. Traffickers can be male or female. In the past, traffickers were most commonly male but research has found that there are numerous women behind the business these days as well. Traffickers aren’t necessarily ‘bad’ figures in the public eye, and may instead appear to be honest and up-standing community members.
TRAFFICKING IN CANADA
Due to the underground nature of this crime, there is very little data surrounding the specificities of human trafficking. In 2006 it was estimated that 800-1200 people were trafficked through and into Canada. Today it is estimated that at least 2500 foreign women are trafficked into Canada every year, 1500-2200 of which are trafficked through Canada and into the United States. However, it is believed that only 1 in 10 victims in Canada actually go to the police, so numbers are expected be to be much higher.
Canadian citizens are also victims of human trafficking, specifically Aboriginal women and girls as young as 7. Aboriginal girls have been trafficked domestically since the 1950’s; statistics have shown that 90% of teenage prostitutes are of aboriginal origin. However, due to factors such as poverty, abuse, living conditions, and racism, aboriginal women are much more likely to become victims of international trafficking than non-aboriginal women.
Some of the girls are runaways, but others just want to leave their community for life in a bigger city. When this is the case, the girls are targeted almost immediately. The traffickers often know someone within the aboriginal community who will inform them of any girl’s departure, so in many cases the girls are picked up upon arrival from the airport or bus station. The aboriginal culture is very accepting of strangers, so the young girls tend to trust anyone who promises them a place to stay or access to any resources, making them easy targets to lure into the business.
In September of 2010 the RCMP Criminal Intelligence Program and the Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre released Human Trafficking in Canada: A Threat Assessment. The report found that Canada is a primary destination country for human trafficking for sexual purposes. Some of the victims enter illegally, though many enter legally through student visas. The victims are often hidden under fronts of massage parlours, escort services, and domestic brothels.
CAUSES
Human trafficking thrives based on push factors and pull factors. Push factors are factors that make women and children more vulnerable to be targeted for the global sex market. These factors tend to push the victims out of their community in search of better circumstances. Common push factors include the following:
·
Poverty
·
High unemployment rate
·
Domestic violence
·
Childhood abuse
·
Discrimination against women
·
War or terrorism that cause people to look for an escape
·
Desire for a better life for themselves and their families
Pull factors are the factors that make the global sex industry to successful. The biggest pull factor is high global demand for sex. Millions of brothels, strip bars, massage parlours, and escort services exist everywhere; all seeking young, beautiful women to serve and pleasure paying patrons. Amongst these businesses are the ever popular street corners which (mostly) men visit on a regular basis looking for sex. The consumerism surrounding sex causes the workers to be quickly ‘used up’ which leaves the businesses looking for new, fresh bodies. The only way to feed this high demand is through trickery and trafficking.
THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Organizations and governments around the world are fighting to put an end to human trafficking. Canada has taken the following steps to help prevent and end the trafficking of humans:
·
In 2000 Canada ratified the Rome Statute of the International
Criminal Court which includes “sexual slavery” as a crime against humanity.
·
In 2000 Canada signed (and in 2002 ratified) the United Nations’
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children.
·
Section 118 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act states
that; “No person shall knowingly organize the coming into Canada of one or more
persons by means of abduction, fraud, deception or use or threat of force or
coercion.” The maximum penalty for this offence is life imprisonment, a
fine of $1,000,000 or both.
·
Canada has also ratified the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC). Under the CRC, Canada has agreed to provide any
trafficked children with special protection, assistance, and attention.
·
Kiladon-St. Paul MP Joy Smith has been an avid advocate against
human trafficking since she was elected in 2004. She has brought the issue of
human trafficking to the forefront in Canadian politics and has also increased
awareness of this issue in the public on a national level which has resulted in
many changes to the Immigration and Refugee Act and the Criminal Code (Bill
C-268). She has was also successful in having Parliament condemn human
trafficking, had a comprehensive study done on this issue resulting in the
report Turning Outrage into Action, and proposed a national action plan to
combat human trafficking titled, Connecting the Dots.
·
In 2012 the Safe
Streets and Communities Act was passed which reformed the
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to make it possible to deny work permits
to applicants vulnerable to abuse or exploitation, including those vulnerable
to humiliating and degrading treatment or sexual exploitation, such as exotic
dancers and low-skilled labourers.
·
MP Joy Smith’s Private Members Bill, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (trafficking in
persons), received Royal Assent on June 28, 2012. This bill ensures
that Canadian citizens and permanent residents can now be held fully
responsible for their actions if they chose to commit offences of exploitation
or human trafficking outside of Canada. This bill effectively makes it so that
Canadian offenders cannot escape prosecution by committing exploitation
offences in other countries and then returning to Canada without being held
accountable.
As a result of the efforts of
the Canadian government and individuals such as Joy Smith, the Canadian
Criminal Code now includes the following sections which pertain specifically to
human trafficking:
·
S. 183 (xlvii.1 and xlvii.11): Invasion of privacy- “offence”
means an offence contrary to, any conspiracy or attempt to commit or being an
accessory after the fact in relation to an offence contrary to, or any
counselling in relation to an offence contrary to section279.01 and 279.011
(trafficking persons under 18 years).
·
S. 279(1): Kidnapping- this section includes causing an
unwilling person to be unlawfully transported outside of Canada.
·
S.279.01: Trafficking in Persons- this includes controlling the
movements of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, receiving or concealing
person for the purpose of exploiting them.
·
S.279.011: Trafficking persons under the age of 18- this
includes controlling the movements of, recruiting, harbouring, transporting,
receiving or concealing person for the purpose of exploitation, and also
includes a mandatory minimum sentence of 5 years imprisonment. If there are
aggravating factors, such as kidnapping, aggravated assault or aggravated
sexual assault against, or if the offender causes death to, the minor victim
during the commission of the offence, the mandatory minimum penalty is 6 years
imprisonment.
·
S. 279.02: Material Benefit- Benefitting economically from
trafficking.
·
S. 279.03: Withholding or Destroying Documents- this includes
destroying identification, travel, or immigrations documents to facilitate
trafficking.
·
S. 279.04: Exploitation
Other criminal code sections
that pertain to trafficking include: extortion, forcible confinement,
conspiracy, organized crime, and controlling or living off the avails of
prostitution.
In Canada, anti-human trafficking efforts are enforced by an Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons (IWGTIP). IWGTIP is co-chaired by the Public Safety and Justice Canada and is made up of 17 departments and agencies. Federal efforts through IWGTIP are based on the ‘4-Ps’.
In Canada, anti-human trafficking efforts are enforced by an Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons (IWGTIP). IWGTIP is co-chaired by the Public Safety and Justice Canada and is made up of 17 departments and agencies. Federal efforts through IWGTIP are based on the ‘4-Ps’.
·
Prevention of trafficking through education, public awareness,
research, and training.
·
Protection of victims through understanding and providing
supports that address their specific needs.
·
Prosecution of offenders through legislation and support for law
enforcement and aids for witness testimony.
·
Partnerships across all levels - local, regional, national and
international - involving both government and civil society organizations.
CONCLUSION
Every
country in the world has laws about kidnapping and forcing individuals into
prostitution; however in some countries these laws are not strongly enforced.
The human aspects of these women are looked over and instead they are treated
like object- toys whose sole purpose is to provide pleasure to whoever pays.
Human trafficking is slavery and needs to be stopped. As media figures such as Victor Malarek uncover this underground world, governments and international organizations are stepping up to the challenge. Changes in legislation and customs have proved to be beneficial but there is still a long way to go. Education is key; not just for the experts and law enforcement but for the general public as well.
Human trafficking is slavery and needs to be stopped. As media figures such as Victor Malarek uncover this underground world, governments and international organizations are stepping up to the challenge. Changes in legislation and customs have proved to be beneficial but there is still a long way to go. Education is key; not just for the experts and law enforcement but for the general public as well.
To learn more about human trafficking and how you can make a difference please visit the links listed below:
EPCAT International: http://www.ecpat.net/EI/GetInvolve_campaign.asp
Canada Fights Human Trafficking: http://www.canadafightshumantrafficking.com/get_involved.html
The Future Group: http://www.thefuturegroup.org/id20.html
Human Trafficking Org: http://www.humantrafficking.org/content/combat_trafficking
Sources
Beyond Borders. “Beyond Borders Fact Sheet on Trafficking
Children for Sexual Purposes.” February 2009.
http://www.beyondborders.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/beyond-borders-fact-sheet-on-trafficking-of-children-for-sexual-purposes.pdf
Cherry, Tamara. “Flesh Trade Targets Natives.” November 2008. Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2008/09/29/6916776-sun.html
Cockburn, Andrew. “21st Century Slaves.” National Geographic. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0309/feature1/
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. “Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling.” Updated
October 2010. http://www.international.gc.ca/crime/human-traf-personne.aspx
Malarek, Victor. “The Natashas The New Global Sex Trade.” 2004. Penguin Group: Toronto, Canada.
PBS. “Sex Slaves.” 2007. PBS frontline documentary.
Public Safety Canada. “Human Trafficking.” Updated September 2010. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/le/ht-tp-eng.aspx
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. “Human Trafficking in Canada: A Threat Assessment.” September 2010. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pubs/ht-tp/htta-tpem-eng.htm
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. “Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre.” Updated 2011. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ht-tp/index-eng.htm
The Future Group. “Human Trafficking.” http://www.thefuturegroup.org/id20.html
Salvation Army. “Human Sex Trafficking.” http://salvationist.ca/action-support/human-sexual-trafficking/
Cherry, Tamara. “Flesh Trade Targets Natives.” November 2008. Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2008/09/29/6916776-sun.html
Cockburn, Andrew. “21st Century Slaves.” National Geographic. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0309/feature1/
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. “Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling.” Updated
October 2010. http://www.international.gc.ca/crime/human-traf-personne.aspx
Malarek, Victor. “The Natashas The New Global Sex Trade.” 2004. Penguin Group: Toronto, Canada.
PBS. “Sex Slaves.” 2007. PBS frontline documentary.
Public Safety Canada. “Human Trafficking.” Updated September 2010. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/le/ht-tp-eng.aspx
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. “Human Trafficking in Canada: A Threat Assessment.” September 2010. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pubs/ht-tp/htta-tpem-eng.htm
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. “Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre.” Updated 2011. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ht-tp/index-eng.htm
The Future Group. “Human Trafficking.” http://www.thefuturegroup.org/id20.html
Salvation Army. “Human Sex Trafficking.” http://salvationist.ca/action-support/human-sexual-trafficking/
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Last updated: 2012-07-17
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BLOGGED: ONE BILLION RISING- no more excuses by men or women....no more abuses...ur sisters matter damm it!
BLOGGED:
F**king Female Castration- One Billion Rising-UNITED NATIONS COUNTRIES- No more excuses- FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION- END FEMALE CIRCUMCISM NOW- GETCHA CANADA ON- this is what actually happens 2 these little girls and young women- IMAGINE!!!!! ewwwww
BLOGGED:
ABORTION AND CANADA- it's the law - Women equal Men in Canada...Women do NOT equal men in USA and UNITED NATIONS- and folks Religion matters 2 global nations - ensuring women and girls have decent prenatal care and children have health care is PARAMONT 2 BASIC HEALTH OF GIRLS N WOMEN- that must matter first...in 2da's world - come on be realistic June 2014- Justin attending Muslim Convention with ur stand on Abortion and men having no say in life choice 2 have a child? Seriously?ONE BILLION RISING- break the chains- no more abuses-no more excuses
BLOGGED:
2014 CANADA-NATIONAL VICTIMS OF CRIME- Hunting F**king Paedophiles- Finally our innocent victims have the voice- Martin Kruze-Sheldon Kennedy and millions of abused children- we are ur voices - One Billion Rising- no more excuses
1.
Mexican women, girls,
and boys are subjected to sexual servitude within the ... from around the world
are reportedly involved in human trafficking in Mexico.
----------------
Each year millions of women
and girls are trafficked around the world for labour ... Human trafficking is
a complex crime with many elements, including: ... has identified emerging problems
for migrant and Indigenous women and girls in the ...
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Collaboration to End Violence: National Aboriginal Women's Forum 2011
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Between June 15th and June 17th 2011, the Province of British Columbia‟s Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation (BC MARR) and the Native Women‟s Association of Canada (NWAC) co-hosted the Collaboration to End Violence: National Aboriginal Women’s Forum. The Musqueam Indian Band, upon whose traditional territory the event was held, gave the forum its name, ən ct ʔiʔθəyθət ct, which translates as we are courageous and we are healing ourselves.More than 250 people from all provinces and territories in Canada attended the forum, with participants including representatives of provincial and territorial government departments and agencies, national Aboriginal organizations, and First Nation, Métis and Inuit communities and community-based organizations. The agenda included three working sessions in which participants developed recommendations for actions to address violence against Aboriginal women and girls. The first session focused on post-incident support, the second on intervention and the third on prevention. Download the PDF report.
The outcomes of the Forum reinforced the need for a holistic
and community-driven network of responses, with strengthened relationships and
improved accountability. Participants in the Forum working sessions identified
leading practices and lessons learned and generated key recommendations
relating to the following themes:
1. The Need for All Responses to be Community Engaged and Community Led
2. Holistic Continuum of Programs and Services
3. A Continuum of Programs & Services to Empower Children and Youth
4. A Continuum of Programs and Services to Empower Women
5. A Continuum of Programs and Services to Empower Men
6. Equitable Access to Programs and Services
7. Improved Integrated Networks of Resources and Services
8. A National Strategy
9. Relationship-Building, Partnership and Accountability
10. Engaged and Accountable Leadership
11. Funding
12. Data, Assessment and Evaluation
13. Public Education and Awareness
Reports and Presentations:
Amanda Murdy - Presentation: Yukon Aboriginal WomenAngela Googoo - Presentation: Mi'kmaw Men's Intervention Program
Ann Maje-Rider & Catherine Richardson - Presentation: Together for Justice
Chief Constable Jim Chu and Mona Woodward - Presentation: VPD Sister Watch
Elisapee Sheutiapik - Presentation: Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada
Sun News Network
- 8 hours ago
Canadians
are naturally saddened by any such death. Calls for ... and improving
existing child welfare agencies, so that children do not fall
through the cracks. ... Manitoba has placed close to 10,000 Aboriginal
children in foster care. ... But being placed in dysfunctional foster
care can make matters worse.
|
1. Lost Little Children Another Death In Foster Care | First ...
Canada's Largest First Nations
... First Nations child in foster care has many
people ... major reason why so many First Nation
children are in care.
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O CANADA- Women Equal Men in our Canada- PROSTITUTION- how can any politician condone the abuse of women.... DID THE HIGHWAY OF TEARS TEACH US NOTHING???-... did little girls and women horrendously abused teach us nothing.... women kneeling b4 men??? Seriously in 2014- and u want 2 make this NewAgeMedia Pretty... oh so Pretty??? in the year 2014???
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NEVER 4get ... it takes a soldier to
provide freedom, it take a politician to legislate it away.
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this is new...
What’s making this adorable pet owl
go bananas?
Casey BaseelCasey Baseel about an
hour ago
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BLOGGED:
ABORTION AND CANADA- it's the law - Women equal Men in Canada...Women do NOT equal men in USA and UNITED NATIONS- and folks Religion matters 2 global nations - ensuring women and girls have decent prenatal care and children have health care is PARAMONT 2 BASIC HEALTH OF GIRLS N WOMEN- that must matter first...in 2da's world - come on be realistic June 2014- Justin attending Muslim Convention with ur stand on Abortion and men having no say in life choice 2 have a child? Seriously?
http://nova0000scotia.blogspot.ca/2014/06/abortion-and-canada-its-law-women-equal.html
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BLOGGED:
ABORTION AND CANADA- it's the law - Women equal Men in Canada...Women do NOT equal men in USA and UNITED NATIONS- and folks Religion matters 2 global nations - ensuring women and girls have decent prenatal care and children have health care is PARAMONT 2 BASIC HEALTH OF GIRLS N WOMEN- that must matter first...in 2da's world - come on be realistic June 2014- Justin attending Muslim Convention with ur stand on Abortion and men having no say in life choice 2 have a child? Seriously?
http://nova0000scotia.blogspot.ca/2014/06/abortion-and-canada-its-law-women-equal.html
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CANADA MILITARY NEWS- O CANADA- PROSTITUTION- Women equal men in Canada and now u want 3
decriminalize abuse of women???? and girls???? NDP?? Trudeau
Most ‘prostitution-related
activities’ will be decriminalized if Ottawa doesn’t pass new law quickly,
MacKay warns
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27 MILLION BLACK PEOPLE ARE STILL
OWNED AS SLAVES IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES 2DA- no liberal ever complains about
that...
BLOGGED:
CANADA MILITARY NEWS: African Muslims
- Slave Trade by Arab Muslims - over 1,000 years- it's time 2 stop it- videos-
photos- proof... SHAME
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BLOGGED:
CANADA MILITARY NEWS: Pg3Jul 22-
PAEDOPHILE HUNTING SUCCESS/Mackay new Minister of Justice 4Canada/Human
Trafficking -26 Million women and kids years -united nations looks the other
way- the nightmare 4 kids in 2013- SHAME ON US ALL- one billion rising- one
billion rising
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do a blog and photos
PROSTITUTION- THE UGLY BOYS GAME....
ABUSE OF WOMEN AND GIRLS- ONE BILLION
RISING- NO MORE EXCUSES- NO MORE ABUSES.
PROSTITUTION
the horror of legal brothels- get ready 4 needles, condoms... abused pads,
tampons, butts and awhole lot of mess
neighbours..... get urselves ready.... remember back in the 60s...... and it
was a horror.... and the beatings... etc...
Control and Abuse
of Women and Girls ... against women and girls. It
seems old because men ... being in prostitution, while at the
same time ...
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www.cato-unbound.org/.../prostitution-cannot-be-squared-human-rights-or-equality-women - Cached
- Similar
6 Dec 2013 ... Abolition is the only way to address the
root cause of prostitution i.e. ... At that age , a child cannot legally quit school, marry, sign a contract, or
drive a car. .... 2006, Prostitution law change 'a disaster,' http://www.stuff.co.nz/.
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LETTER 2 A JOHN- GET USED 2 IT
An Open Letter to the ‘Good’ Punter
Posted on March 29, 2013
If you
like sex, this is not a letter to you. If you like women, this is not a letter
to you. If you’ve somehow put these things together and decided they give you
the right to buy what you like, this is a letter to you.
If you’re
a misogynistic bastard who gets off on hurting women, this is not a letter to
you. Apart from the fact that nothing here would get through, I wouldn’t waste
my fucking writing skills on you.
If you’re
a man who buys sex and thinks you’re engaged in a mutually beneficial
transaction that’s causing no harm, I’m talking to you.
I met many
of you. So many. Too many. And I always wondered about you. I wondered, how
could you justify this to yourself? How could you tell yourself – and believe
it – that I was happy to have strangers’ fingers, penises and tongues shoved
into the most private parts of me? How did you convince yourself that I’d be
happy about something you’d never, in your wildest nightmares, wish on your own
daughter? I wondered, most of all, how could you look at me and not see me?
Let me
tell you who you are: you are the ‘good’ punter. You’re the man who has a laugh
with the woman you’re buying. You’re the man who strokes her hair. You ask her
how her day’s been. How she’s feeling. Why she’s doing this. Did you ever think
to ask that of yourself?
You are
the ‘good’ punter. If you see a bruise on her you’ll ask if she’s okay. Is
anybody treating her violently? Yes. Many men are. Go in the bathroom. You’ll
find one above the sink.
The truth,
that you’re so desperate to flee from, is that you are just like a gentle
rapist. Your attitude and demeanour does not mitigate what you do. The damage
you’re causing is incalculable, but you tell yourself you’re doing no harm
here, and you use the smiles of the women you buy as some kind of currency;
they allow you to buy your own bullshit. I would know; I doled out that
currency many times, and we both were that, we both doled out currency in
different ways, you and me.
You came
along because you wanted to spend what you had to spend, your load, which also
meant your money; and you looked at me and you touched me and you fucked me and
then you held me. That was always the worst part. I want you to know that. That
was always the worst part.
I didn’t
want to be held by you. I didn’t want to be cuddled. I didn’t want you close to
me, never mind inside me. Your arms around me made me want to puke more than
your penis ever did. I shut out that part; it was too horrible. Every moment
with you was a lie, and I hated every second of it. And you bought that lie;
believe me it was a lie you bought. I know, because I sold it.
In Costa
Rica they say: ‘Who is more at fault, the one who sins for the pay or the one
who pays for the sin?’ Those words were taken from a book about men like you.
Victor Malarek’s ‘The Johns’. Can you see the truth in them?
You can,
but you don’t want to acknowledge them. You don’t want to face up to that. It
doesn’t fit with your view of what you do. It doesn’t fit with your view of who
you are. But I know who you are.
I can see you
now. You are the ‘good’ punter. You’ve got your fists shoved in your ears. You
are the ‘good’ punter. And you don’t want to hear.
FreeIrishWoman
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A blog for those walking away from a life of sex work and for
the families of those not fortunate enough to walk away.
Thursday, June 4, 2009
General Strain Theory, Labeling and Prostitution
Literature on prostitution is
limited, although with the recent advent of Federal legislation against human
trafficking, research is becoming more prevalent. To battle the trafficking of
women, the U.S. government has spent about $300 million in the first four years
of this decade.[1] Worldwide, attempts increase to
inform legislators about the traumatic and widespread effects of international
prostitution and trafficking. In addition, laws are increasingly being passed
to inhibit the trafficking of women and children for prostitution purposes.
Two of the most relevant criminological theories regarding how women slide into prostitution, for few women who work in the sex trade will declare that their life-long career goal was to become a sex worker, are the theories of general strain and labeling.
Prostitutes do not become sex workers in a vacuum. In African American women who seek services to leave the life of prostitution, for example, there is a high “prevalence of multiple health-related conditions, including depression [and] post-traumatic stress disorder….”[2] Studies have found that posttraumatic stress afflicts women involved in the sex trade regardless of race, national boundaries, or socioeconomic differences.
In a study of 100 street prostitutes male, female and transgender, more than 60 percent of the responders had experienced violence during prostitution; 44 percent were raped while engaging in their work; and 42 percent met post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria. Most researchers, however, would argue that this number is probably low.[3] Generally, other studies have found that women and transgendered men are more likely to be assaulted when working as prostitutes than are their male prostitute counterparts.
One of the most prolific researchers in this area is Dr. Melissa Farley. In her well-respected book Prostitution, Violence against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Farley contends from her study of 130 San Francisco prostitutes, 68 percent met the criteria for PTSD[4]. Logically, the higher the number of times raped, the higher the incidence of PTSD among the prostitutes.
The levels at which prostitutes suffer PTSD rivals Vietnam Veterans, according to a paper written by Melissa Farley and presented at the American Psychological Association’s 106th annual convention. Farley and her team interviewed prostitutes both in brothels and on the streets in San Francisco and six large cities in Asia, Africa and Europe.
According to the New York Times, which synopsized the article, “In a study to be presented today at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco, researchers interviewed almost 500 prostitutes from around the world and discovered that two-thirds suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. In contrast, the condition is found in less than five percent of the general population. Studies of veterans of combat in the Vietnam War have found that the disorder may be diagnosed in 20 percent to 30 percent, about half of whom have long-term psychiatric problems.”[5]
Street prostitutes appear to be particularly vulnerable to attack and therefore it would follow that they would suffer higher levels of PTSD than their counterparts who work in brothels, escort services, or in countries or areas where prostitution is legal. However, whether study participants operated in brothels or worked the streets and although less physical violence occurred in brothels, Farley found in her study that the frequency of the disorder is found uniformly among the various groups of prostitutes.[6]
It is clear from Farley’s disturbing study that posttraumatic stress is of momentous concern to prostitutes, whether they realize they suffer from it or not. Often, diagnosis is missed by social workers or medical providers who fail to ask important questions to learn if a person seeking help is involved in the sex industry. Shame often prevents current or former prostitutes from speaking out, much research shows. In fact, increasingly social workers are receiving training in detecting prostitution to correctly provide appropriate services by using non-threatening questions such as “Have you ever traded sex for drugs, food or shelter?”
Trafficked women face a daunting reality. Rarely able to speak the language of the country where they are shipped, loaded into containers or otherwise concealed, some suffering certain death—this is the truth of international trafficking in women. As Dr. Judith Herman said in her groundbreaking work on trauma, “People who have endured horrible events suffer predictable psychological harm. There is a spectrum of traumatic disorders, ranging from the effects of a single overwhelming event to the more complicated effects of prolonged and repeated abuse.”[7] Certainly, studies show, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that prostitutes endure unimaginable abuse.
Taking age into consideration, one study supported other literature that found that those under the age of 18 who had undergone childhood sexual or physical abuse and teenage commercial sexual activity are likely to have higher rates of PTSD than average.[8]
At this time, there are few shelters available for teenage sex workers hoping to leave the industry; instead, most services are geared to adult sex workers. Early intervention for youthful sex workers might alleviate the degree of PTSD they suffer if an earlier escape from a life of prostitution was available.
General Strain Theory
There is little literature on prostitution as it relates to the general strain theory, but there is literature on juvenile delinquency and drug use which examines the general strain theory (GST) which was developed by Emile Durkheim in his study on suicide and refined by Robert Merton and later by Ronald Agnew in the 1990s.
Agnew in his work Pressured Into Crime states that, “According to GST, people engage in crime because they experience strains or stressors. For example, they are in desperate need of money or they believe they are being mistreated by family members, teachers, peers, employers, or others. They become upset, experiencing a range of negative emotions, including anger, frustration, and depression. And they cope with their strains and negative emotions through crime. Crime may be a way to reduce or escape from strains.”[9]
The strain theory proposes that crime, especially delinquency, occurs as a result of the feelings generated by negative relationships with others. Prostitution frequently begins in adolescence and is considered a delinquent act. The average age of entry into prostitution, according to Farley’s study, is 15.[10] More current studies show the average age at about 13.5 years of age, although I am unable to cite them specifically at this time.
Much of the literature on sex workers paints a portrait of early childhood abuse, neglect and confusion. It is important to note, however, according to the strain theory that it is the experience and feelings of anger and frustration from failed attempts at achievement, failure of primary relationships with caregivers, or victimization that leads to the experience of strain.[11] How people cope with that strain appears to be one of two ways. The coping may be inner directed, with depression, or through substance abuse to mute emotional pain. The coping may be directed outwardly, such as violent anger, aggression, etc.[12] Clearly with sex workers, the strain is mainly inner directed.
Labeling Theory
The labeling theory found its roots in the early 1930s with studies of symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, who believed that the self was totally constructed in relationship to others in society. The labeling theory, however, which had its roots in a theory developed by Frank Tannenbaum in the 1930s known as the “dramatization of evil,” didn’t fully materialize until Howard Becker presented it in the 1960s in his groundbreaking book The Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Labeling has been called one of the most prominent theories in criminology, but it has many critics. One of the biggest criticisms is that labeling focuses on lower classes while ignoring white-collar crime.
Once a woman enters into prostitution, often as a result of difficulties in childhood or her teen years and often coerced by relatives or pimps, it is very difficult for her to exit this lifestyle. This is where the labeling theory enters the picture. Once labeled as promiscuous or as a sex worker by the police or peers, the road to a normal way of life for these women is often virtually impossible to navigate successfully.
The labeling theory may apply especially in the case of transgendered prostitutes who are doubly stigmatized both by their gender differences and their prostitution, where they experience a “a host of issues ranging from sexual identity conflict, shame, and isolation ….”[13]
There is little literature on point regarding labeling theory and prostitution; however, there is a great deal of literature available regarding labeling and drug use. A more deviant self-label at baseline predicted greater drug use at research follow-up, giving direct support to the labeling concept of resulting deviance. Once self labeled, it is extremely difficult for the labeled person to shed his or her stigma. In addition, self-label and drug use was found to be cyclical, indicating that once adolescents categorize themselves as drug users after that behavior has occurred, they are likely to stay stuck in that mindset and to limit their associations to cohorts who engage in like criminal behavior.[14]
Drug use goes hand-in-hand with prostitution, whether the drug use occurs prior to prostitution and drug users drift into prostitution, or it is used antiseptically post prostitution to numb feelings of self loathing or rage. It appears that self labeling whether as a drug user or as a prostitute is a self-perpetuating and vicious cycle.
According to the conflict theory, those practicing certain behaviors are “labeled” by those in power. Once labeled, it is extremely difficult to avoid internalizing that label and escaping it. Among Black women who are prostitutes, they face the double bind of the cultural stereotypes of Black women as hypersexual and “animalistic.”[15] Black women are more heavily fined, more often convicted of the crime of prostitution and given longer jail sentences than their White counterparts. This makes escape from this life for Black women even more difficult. Indeed, they often remain trapped in a systemic pattern of racism. [16]
Today there is a great deal of controversy surrounding the attitude of the media, including music, toward women. According to Venita Carter, who runs the only prostitution reentry program geared to women of color, “Black men need to unlearn the lessons which are the legacy of white slave masters — Black women are not ‘bitches’ and ‘whores.’ Black women are not the property of white men on the plantations, and they are not the property of Black men in the ‘hood.”[17]
Telling their stories: prostituted women speak out
It is through the telling of these exploited women’s stories that we see how these theories appear to reinforce sex workers’ entry into and their inability to exit the world of sex work. Across the globe and largely thanks to the feminist movement, women’s stories of prostitution, trafficking, rape, abuse and torture have surfaced. In response to these horrific tales, there is more emphasis on international trafficking and the plight of young women tricked or forced into prostitution. I draw from this growing body of research to state unequivocally — the stories of these women support the two general theories of both the general strain and labeling theories. Women’s entry into prostitution often starts with strain and is exacerbated by labeling.
Many women who become sex workers come from the working-class poor and encounter many problems in their families of origin.[18] These researchers found from their study of other research that women’s relationships with their mothers were “severely conflicted.”[19] These women reported few attachments to a male parental authority. Most of their childhoods, they felt unwanted and rejected. Lacking money and resources to find shelter, many of these women drifted into prostitution while running from foster homes or juvenile institutions.[20]
Many studies have found female prostitutes had suffered incest and physical childhood abuse, which in turn “contributed to their entry” into prostitution.[21] In one landmark San Francisco study by Delancey Street founder Dr. Mimi Silbert, 62 percent of the women studied had been physically abused as children and 60 percent had been sexually abused by either a family member or family friend.[22] These numbers, however, may be low. In Farley’s study of 854 people currently or recently in sex work, 65-to-95 percent of respondents were assaulted sexually in childhood, depending on country of origin.[23]
It is little wonder, then, that these women suffer strain and drift into prostitution. Once labeled, most find themselves stuck in a self-perpetuating cycle of violence, fear and despair. That first step into prostitution is often a consequence, according to many researchers, of a process of violence, psychological abuse, stigmatization and estrangement.[24] These researchers say a drift into prostitution is central to their model of how women become prostitutes. Drift in my opinion, does not occur in a vacuum and research bears this out. The ground must be laid to force a woman to consider entering this life-slide trajectory.
It is precisely through this damaged self image that a perpetrator can persuade a young woman to sell herself. One women in a study Farley commented upon said that her “prostitution mentality” began after, at age nine, she was sexually abused by neighbors and family members.[25]
Regarding the labeling theory, stories abound of the difficulty of shaking a label once a ‘good’ girl has gone ‘bad’. And like much of the genesis of laws against drugs, laws against prostitution were enacted to prevent the corruption of ‘good’ women, women of virtue, higher up the socio-economic ladder, by lower-class ‘bad’ girls.[26]
Much like gang members are identified and catalogued, so are street prostitutes. Once a woman is found in the company of other prostitutes on the street, police often take her picture and her label as a prostitute becomes official. The label of “whore” or “hooker” is one that most women, once so named, cannot shake. One study in Trinidad among an offending population not limited to sex workers found that self-labeling, parental labeling and labeling by officials of the offender were particularly important correlates of participation in crime for women more so than men.[27]
In addition, any prostitution conviction follows a woman throughout her life. She may find herself explaining these convictions, even if they are misdemeanors, decades after she has left the industry, and often to unsympathetic future employers who may never get that image out of their minds. Once labeled a whore, the shame, stigma and shadow of this term may well follow her throughout her lifetime.
While feminists have sought to change the label of prostitute to victim, the debate in feminist circles has been intense. There are those feminists such as Margo St. James, founder of Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE), who view prostitution existentially—a woman has the right to choose her profession. Others who work to strengthen international trafficking laws and protect women by offering alternatives to a life of prostitution view all prostitutes as victims of a process that, once a woman or child is entrapped, there is little chance of escape. This view enrages feminists such as those working in organizations like COYOTE and other pro-prostitution organizations. The anger is mutual with feminists committed to their role in helping women escape prostitution.
One need look no further than late night talk shows to hear what both men and women think of prostitutes. The terms “hooker” and “whore” are attached freely to adjectives like “cheap,” “easy” and, in crime shows that litter network television, “dead.” The prostitute is the perfect societal scapegoat, for who can’t feel superior to a tragic woman who haunts the streets for her very survival? It is little wonder that women who are caught in this vicious cycle find little chance of escape. One Canadian study found that prostituted women and girls were 40 times more likely to be killed than women who were not prostituted.[28] That figure is simply staggering.
However, until we can reeducate society about prostitution and its real consequences and put more resources such as re-entry programs geared to sex workers into place, the future looks bleak for prostitutes, whether in the United States or abroad.
[1] Weitzer, Ronald. "The Growing Moral Panic over Prostitution and Sex Trafficking." The Crimininologist 30, 5(2005): 1-4.
[2] Carter, Vednita. "Providing Services to African American Prostituted Women." Journal of Trauma Practice 2(2003): 213-222.
[3] Valera, Roberto; Sayer, Robin; Glenn Schiraldi. "Violence and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Sample of Inner City Street Prostitutes." American Journal of Health Studies Summer(2000):
[4] Farley, Melissa. Prostitution, Trafficking and Post-Traumatic Stress. 1st. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2003.
[5] Zuger, Abigail. "Many Prostitutes Suffer Combat Disorder, Study Finds." New York Times, August 18, 1998.
[6] Farley
[7] Herman, M.D., Judith. Trauma and Recovery: The aftermath of violence -- from domestic abuse to political terror. 2nd. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
[8] Ecpat International, NZ, "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Under Age Sex Work." Ecpat International, NZ (unk): abstract.
[9] Angew, Robert. Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. 1st. Oxford, OH: Oxford Press, 2007.
[10] Farley
[11] Neff, Joan L., Dennis E., and Waite. "Male versus Female Substance Abuse Patterns Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: Comparing Strain and Social Learning Variables." Justice Quarterly 24(2007): 106-132.
[12] ibid.
[13] Crosby, Richard, and Nicole L. Pitts. "Caught Between Two Worlds: How Transgendered Women May Be Forced Into Risky Sex ." Journal of Sex Research 44(2007): 43-48.
[14] William R., Downs. "Control theory, labeling theory, and the delivery of services for drug abuse to adolescents." Adolescence Spring(1997): unk.
[15] Carter, Vednita. "Providing Services to African American Prostituted Women." Prostitution, Trafficking and Post Traumatic Stress (2003): 215.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Carter, p. 221
[18] Ulla, Carin Hedin, and Sven Axel Mansson. "The Importance of Supportive Relationships Among Women Leaving Prostitution." Journal of Trauma Practice 2(2003): 223-237.
[19] Ibid, p. 224.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Ibid., p. 225.
[22] Ibid., p. 226.
[23] Farley
[24] Hedin., p. 226
[25] Farley, p. 57
[26] Margo, St. James, Helen Buckingham, Dolores French, and Xaviera Hollander. "How It Was: Recollections By Well Known Prostitutes and Madams." Prostitution: On Whores, Hustlers and Johns. 223-237(1998): 118-131.
[27] Karen, Ramoutur, and David P. Farrington. "Are the Same Factors Related to Participation and Frequency of Offending By Male and Female Prisoners?" Psychology, Crime & Law 12(2006): 557-572.
[28] Christine, Stark, Carol Hodgson. "Sister's Oppression: A Comparison of Wife Battering and Prostitution." Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress. Ed. Melissa Farley. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2003.
Two of the most relevant criminological theories regarding how women slide into prostitution, for few women who work in the sex trade will declare that their life-long career goal was to become a sex worker, are the theories of general strain and labeling.
Prostitutes do not become sex workers in a vacuum. In African American women who seek services to leave the life of prostitution, for example, there is a high “prevalence of multiple health-related conditions, including depression [and] post-traumatic stress disorder….”[2] Studies have found that posttraumatic stress afflicts women involved in the sex trade regardless of race, national boundaries, or socioeconomic differences.
In a study of 100 street prostitutes male, female and transgender, more than 60 percent of the responders had experienced violence during prostitution; 44 percent were raped while engaging in their work; and 42 percent met post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria. Most researchers, however, would argue that this number is probably low.[3] Generally, other studies have found that women and transgendered men are more likely to be assaulted when working as prostitutes than are their male prostitute counterparts.
One of the most prolific researchers in this area is Dr. Melissa Farley. In her well-respected book Prostitution, Violence against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Farley contends from her study of 130 San Francisco prostitutes, 68 percent met the criteria for PTSD[4]. Logically, the higher the number of times raped, the higher the incidence of PTSD among the prostitutes.
The levels at which prostitutes suffer PTSD rivals Vietnam Veterans, according to a paper written by Melissa Farley and presented at the American Psychological Association’s 106th annual convention. Farley and her team interviewed prostitutes both in brothels and on the streets in San Francisco and six large cities in Asia, Africa and Europe.
According to the New York Times, which synopsized the article, “In a study to be presented today at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco, researchers interviewed almost 500 prostitutes from around the world and discovered that two-thirds suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. In contrast, the condition is found in less than five percent of the general population. Studies of veterans of combat in the Vietnam War have found that the disorder may be diagnosed in 20 percent to 30 percent, about half of whom have long-term psychiatric problems.”[5]
Street prostitutes appear to be particularly vulnerable to attack and therefore it would follow that they would suffer higher levels of PTSD than their counterparts who work in brothels, escort services, or in countries or areas where prostitution is legal. However, whether study participants operated in brothels or worked the streets and although less physical violence occurred in brothels, Farley found in her study that the frequency of the disorder is found uniformly among the various groups of prostitutes.[6]
It is clear from Farley’s disturbing study that posttraumatic stress is of momentous concern to prostitutes, whether they realize they suffer from it or not. Often, diagnosis is missed by social workers or medical providers who fail to ask important questions to learn if a person seeking help is involved in the sex industry. Shame often prevents current or former prostitutes from speaking out, much research shows. In fact, increasingly social workers are receiving training in detecting prostitution to correctly provide appropriate services by using non-threatening questions such as “Have you ever traded sex for drugs, food or shelter?”
Trafficked women face a daunting reality. Rarely able to speak the language of the country where they are shipped, loaded into containers or otherwise concealed, some suffering certain death—this is the truth of international trafficking in women. As Dr. Judith Herman said in her groundbreaking work on trauma, “People who have endured horrible events suffer predictable psychological harm. There is a spectrum of traumatic disorders, ranging from the effects of a single overwhelming event to the more complicated effects of prolonged and repeated abuse.”[7] Certainly, studies show, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that prostitutes endure unimaginable abuse.
Taking age into consideration, one study supported other literature that found that those under the age of 18 who had undergone childhood sexual or physical abuse and teenage commercial sexual activity are likely to have higher rates of PTSD than average.[8]
At this time, there are few shelters available for teenage sex workers hoping to leave the industry; instead, most services are geared to adult sex workers. Early intervention for youthful sex workers might alleviate the degree of PTSD they suffer if an earlier escape from a life of prostitution was available.
General Strain Theory
There is little literature on prostitution as it relates to the general strain theory, but there is literature on juvenile delinquency and drug use which examines the general strain theory (GST) which was developed by Emile Durkheim in his study on suicide and refined by Robert Merton and later by Ronald Agnew in the 1990s.
Agnew in his work Pressured Into Crime states that, “According to GST, people engage in crime because they experience strains or stressors. For example, they are in desperate need of money or they believe they are being mistreated by family members, teachers, peers, employers, or others. They become upset, experiencing a range of negative emotions, including anger, frustration, and depression. And they cope with their strains and negative emotions through crime. Crime may be a way to reduce or escape from strains.”[9]
The strain theory proposes that crime, especially delinquency, occurs as a result of the feelings generated by negative relationships with others. Prostitution frequently begins in adolescence and is considered a delinquent act. The average age of entry into prostitution, according to Farley’s study, is 15.[10] More current studies show the average age at about 13.5 years of age, although I am unable to cite them specifically at this time.
Much of the literature on sex workers paints a portrait of early childhood abuse, neglect and confusion. It is important to note, however, according to the strain theory that it is the experience and feelings of anger and frustration from failed attempts at achievement, failure of primary relationships with caregivers, or victimization that leads to the experience of strain.[11] How people cope with that strain appears to be one of two ways. The coping may be inner directed, with depression, or through substance abuse to mute emotional pain. The coping may be directed outwardly, such as violent anger, aggression, etc.[12] Clearly with sex workers, the strain is mainly inner directed.
Labeling Theory
The labeling theory found its roots in the early 1930s with studies of symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, who believed that the self was totally constructed in relationship to others in society. The labeling theory, however, which had its roots in a theory developed by Frank Tannenbaum in the 1930s known as the “dramatization of evil,” didn’t fully materialize until Howard Becker presented it in the 1960s in his groundbreaking book The Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Labeling has been called one of the most prominent theories in criminology, but it has many critics. One of the biggest criticisms is that labeling focuses on lower classes while ignoring white-collar crime.
Once a woman enters into prostitution, often as a result of difficulties in childhood or her teen years and often coerced by relatives or pimps, it is very difficult for her to exit this lifestyle. This is where the labeling theory enters the picture. Once labeled as promiscuous or as a sex worker by the police or peers, the road to a normal way of life for these women is often virtually impossible to navigate successfully.
The labeling theory may apply especially in the case of transgendered prostitutes who are doubly stigmatized both by their gender differences and their prostitution, where they experience a “a host of issues ranging from sexual identity conflict, shame, and isolation ….”[13]
There is little literature on point regarding labeling theory and prostitution; however, there is a great deal of literature available regarding labeling and drug use. A more deviant self-label at baseline predicted greater drug use at research follow-up, giving direct support to the labeling concept of resulting deviance. Once self labeled, it is extremely difficult for the labeled person to shed his or her stigma. In addition, self-label and drug use was found to be cyclical, indicating that once adolescents categorize themselves as drug users after that behavior has occurred, they are likely to stay stuck in that mindset and to limit their associations to cohorts who engage in like criminal behavior.[14]
Drug use goes hand-in-hand with prostitution, whether the drug use occurs prior to prostitution and drug users drift into prostitution, or it is used antiseptically post prostitution to numb feelings of self loathing or rage. It appears that self labeling whether as a drug user or as a prostitute is a self-perpetuating and vicious cycle.
According to the conflict theory, those practicing certain behaviors are “labeled” by those in power. Once labeled, it is extremely difficult to avoid internalizing that label and escaping it. Among Black women who are prostitutes, they face the double bind of the cultural stereotypes of Black women as hypersexual and “animalistic.”[15] Black women are more heavily fined, more often convicted of the crime of prostitution and given longer jail sentences than their White counterparts. This makes escape from this life for Black women even more difficult. Indeed, they often remain trapped in a systemic pattern of racism. [16]
Today there is a great deal of controversy surrounding the attitude of the media, including music, toward women. According to Venita Carter, who runs the only prostitution reentry program geared to women of color, “Black men need to unlearn the lessons which are the legacy of white slave masters — Black women are not ‘bitches’ and ‘whores.’ Black women are not the property of white men on the plantations, and they are not the property of Black men in the ‘hood.”[17]
Telling their stories: prostituted women speak out
It is through the telling of these exploited women’s stories that we see how these theories appear to reinforce sex workers’ entry into and their inability to exit the world of sex work. Across the globe and largely thanks to the feminist movement, women’s stories of prostitution, trafficking, rape, abuse and torture have surfaced. In response to these horrific tales, there is more emphasis on international trafficking and the plight of young women tricked or forced into prostitution. I draw from this growing body of research to state unequivocally — the stories of these women support the two general theories of both the general strain and labeling theories. Women’s entry into prostitution often starts with strain and is exacerbated by labeling.
Many women who become sex workers come from the working-class poor and encounter many problems in their families of origin.[18] These researchers found from their study of other research that women’s relationships with their mothers were “severely conflicted.”[19] These women reported few attachments to a male parental authority. Most of their childhoods, they felt unwanted and rejected. Lacking money and resources to find shelter, many of these women drifted into prostitution while running from foster homes or juvenile institutions.[20]
Many studies have found female prostitutes had suffered incest and physical childhood abuse, which in turn “contributed to their entry” into prostitution.[21] In one landmark San Francisco study by Delancey Street founder Dr. Mimi Silbert, 62 percent of the women studied had been physically abused as children and 60 percent had been sexually abused by either a family member or family friend.[22] These numbers, however, may be low. In Farley’s study of 854 people currently or recently in sex work, 65-to-95 percent of respondents were assaulted sexually in childhood, depending on country of origin.[23]
It is little wonder, then, that these women suffer strain and drift into prostitution. Once labeled, most find themselves stuck in a self-perpetuating cycle of violence, fear and despair. That first step into prostitution is often a consequence, according to many researchers, of a process of violence, psychological abuse, stigmatization and estrangement.[24] These researchers say a drift into prostitution is central to their model of how women become prostitutes. Drift in my opinion, does not occur in a vacuum and research bears this out. The ground must be laid to force a woman to consider entering this life-slide trajectory.
It is precisely through this damaged self image that a perpetrator can persuade a young woman to sell herself. One women in a study Farley commented upon said that her “prostitution mentality” began after, at age nine, she was sexually abused by neighbors and family members.[25]
Regarding the labeling theory, stories abound of the difficulty of shaking a label once a ‘good’ girl has gone ‘bad’. And like much of the genesis of laws against drugs, laws against prostitution were enacted to prevent the corruption of ‘good’ women, women of virtue, higher up the socio-economic ladder, by lower-class ‘bad’ girls.[26]
Much like gang members are identified and catalogued, so are street prostitutes. Once a woman is found in the company of other prostitutes on the street, police often take her picture and her label as a prostitute becomes official. The label of “whore” or “hooker” is one that most women, once so named, cannot shake. One study in Trinidad among an offending population not limited to sex workers found that self-labeling, parental labeling and labeling by officials of the offender were particularly important correlates of participation in crime for women more so than men.[27]
In addition, any prostitution conviction follows a woman throughout her life. She may find herself explaining these convictions, even if they are misdemeanors, decades after she has left the industry, and often to unsympathetic future employers who may never get that image out of their minds. Once labeled a whore, the shame, stigma and shadow of this term may well follow her throughout her lifetime.
While feminists have sought to change the label of prostitute to victim, the debate in feminist circles has been intense. There are those feminists such as Margo St. James, founder of Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE), who view prostitution existentially—a woman has the right to choose her profession. Others who work to strengthen international trafficking laws and protect women by offering alternatives to a life of prostitution view all prostitutes as victims of a process that, once a woman or child is entrapped, there is little chance of escape. This view enrages feminists such as those working in organizations like COYOTE and other pro-prostitution organizations. The anger is mutual with feminists committed to their role in helping women escape prostitution.
One need look no further than late night talk shows to hear what both men and women think of prostitutes. The terms “hooker” and “whore” are attached freely to adjectives like “cheap,” “easy” and, in crime shows that litter network television, “dead.” The prostitute is the perfect societal scapegoat, for who can’t feel superior to a tragic woman who haunts the streets for her very survival? It is little wonder that women who are caught in this vicious cycle find little chance of escape. One Canadian study found that prostituted women and girls were 40 times more likely to be killed than women who were not prostituted.[28] That figure is simply staggering.
However, until we can reeducate society about prostitution and its real consequences and put more resources such as re-entry programs geared to sex workers into place, the future looks bleak for prostitutes, whether in the United States or abroad.
[1] Weitzer, Ronald. "The Growing Moral Panic over Prostitution and Sex Trafficking." The Crimininologist 30, 5(2005): 1-4.
[2] Carter, Vednita. "Providing Services to African American Prostituted Women." Journal of Trauma Practice 2(2003): 213-222.
[3] Valera, Roberto; Sayer, Robin; Glenn Schiraldi. "Violence and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Sample of Inner City Street Prostitutes." American Journal of Health Studies Summer(2000):
[4] Farley, Melissa. Prostitution, Trafficking and Post-Traumatic Stress. 1st. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2003.
[5] Zuger, Abigail. "Many Prostitutes Suffer Combat Disorder, Study Finds." New York Times, August 18, 1998.
[6] Farley
[7] Herman, M.D., Judith. Trauma and Recovery: The aftermath of violence -- from domestic abuse to political terror. 2nd. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
[8] Ecpat International, NZ, "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Under Age Sex Work." Ecpat International, NZ (unk): abstract.
[9] Angew, Robert. Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. 1st. Oxford, OH: Oxford Press, 2007.
[10] Farley
[11] Neff, Joan L., Dennis E., and Waite. "Male versus Female Substance Abuse Patterns Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: Comparing Strain and Social Learning Variables." Justice Quarterly 24(2007): 106-132.
[12] ibid.
[13] Crosby, Richard, and Nicole L. Pitts. "Caught Between Two Worlds: How Transgendered Women May Be Forced Into Risky Sex ." Journal of Sex Research 44(2007): 43-48.
[14] William R., Downs. "Control theory, labeling theory, and the delivery of services for drug abuse to adolescents." Adolescence Spring(1997): unk.
[15] Carter, Vednita. "Providing Services to African American Prostituted Women." Prostitution, Trafficking and Post Traumatic Stress (2003): 215.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Carter, p. 221
[18] Ulla, Carin Hedin, and Sven Axel Mansson. "The Importance of Supportive Relationships Among Women Leaving Prostitution." Journal of Trauma Practice 2(2003): 223-237.
[19] Ibid, p. 224.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Ibid., p. 225.
[22] Ibid., p. 226.
[23] Farley
[24] Hedin., p. 226
[25] Farley, p. 57
[26] Margo, St. James, Helen Buckingham, Dolores French, and Xaviera Hollander. "How It Was: Recollections By Well Known Prostitutes and Madams." Prostitution: On Whores, Hustlers and Johns. 223-237(1998): 118-131.
[27] Karen, Ramoutur, and David P. Farrington. "Are the Same Factors Related to Participation and Frequency of Offending By Male and Female Prisoners?" Psychology, Crime & Law 12(2006): 557-572.
[28] Christine, Stark, Carol Hodgson. "Sister's Oppression: A Comparison of Wife Battering and Prostitution." Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress. Ed. Melissa Farley. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2003.
3 comments:
1.
AnonymousMay 20, 2010 at 8:21 AM
Great to find your blog-I never
imagined the possibilty of one.
I worked as an escort from the age of 18 on and off until I was thirty.
I suffered horrific abuse through emotional neglect, violence, verbal, physical, psychological and sexual abuse by my parents.
Through therapy I have realised how traumatised I was and how much of my symptoms point to complex PTSD. Therapy is the toughest work I have ever done on myself, and the most rewarding.
However over time I realised that even now after 6 years of therapy,I could not talk about my expereinces of working as a prostitute(I dissociate) I realised that the trauma/s I expereinced as an adult seemed to disturb me even more then my childhood. That realisation is both horrific and revealing.
With this awareness I have decided, at this stage,I need to research what's out there on and from people who have worked as prostitutes, rather then just talking about it in therapy. First of all the terror is too great and I can't/wont go there, but secondly I really feel there is much value from hearing from similar others. Finding blogs like this act as a mirror for me. In looking at my reflection I can more hold those parts of me that have not dared to surface or dared to voice my sensed feelings about the horrific expereinces whilst an escort.
Thanks for creating this site. i hope to visit again
I worked as an escort from the age of 18 on and off until I was thirty.
I suffered horrific abuse through emotional neglect, violence, verbal, physical, psychological and sexual abuse by my parents.
Through therapy I have realised how traumatised I was and how much of my symptoms point to complex PTSD. Therapy is the toughest work I have ever done on myself, and the most rewarding.
However over time I realised that even now after 6 years of therapy,I could not talk about my expereinces of working as a prostitute(I dissociate) I realised that the trauma/s I expereinced as an adult seemed to disturb me even more then my childhood. That realisation is both horrific and revealing.
With this awareness I have decided, at this stage,I need to research what's out there on and from people who have worked as prostitutes, rather then just talking about it in therapy. First of all the terror is too great and I can't/wont go there, but secondly I really feel there is much value from hearing from similar others. Finding blogs like this act as a mirror for me. In looking at my reflection I can more hold those parts of me that have not dared to surface or dared to voice my sensed feelings about the horrific expereinces whilst an escort.
Thanks for creating this site. i hope to visit again
-------------------
Prostitution
The
Women’s Support Project views prostitution as part of the spectrum of men’s
violence against women and is committed to raising awareness of its root causes
and harmful impacts, both on those directly involved and on our wider culture.
Women
become involved in prostitution for a variety of reasons such as homelessness,
child sexual abuse, mental ill health, trauma, previous sexual violence, drug
and alcohol misuse, money pressures and poverty. These factors, which serve to
lead or force women into prostitution, should not be mistaken for the cause of
prostitution itself, which is the demand from men to buy sex. If men
were not prepared to buy sex, then prostitution would not work as a survival
behaviour.
Once the
factors behind women’s involvement in prostitution are understood it makes no
sense to label prostitution as work or legitimate employment – to do so would
legitimise exploitation. Neither, if we accept prostitution as exploitation, is
it fair to criminalise those who are abused and exploited – in what other area
of ‘violence against women’ would we criminalise the victims?
We do not
view prostitution as a choice for women, irrespective of age, and believe that
it is contradictory to condemn child prostitution whilst condoning or ignoring
adult prostitution. Neither do we recognise the false distinctions between
forced and so-called ‘free’ prostitution. All prostitution is exploitative of
the person prostituted, regardless of the context, or whether that person is
said to have consented to the prostitution.
Demand and Supply
The below
extracts are from a helpful article, ‘Men Create the Demand: Women are the
Supply’ by Donna M. Hughes, University of Rhode Island. 2000 www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/demand.htm
“Prostitution
is not natural or inevitable; it is abuse and exploitation of women and girls
that results from structural inequality between women and men on a world scale.
Sexual
exploitation eroticises women`s inequality and is a vehicle for racism. Black
women, minority ethnic women and indigenous women suffer disproportionately.
The
global sexual exploitation of women and girls is a supply and demand market.
Men create the demand and women are the supply. Cities and countries where
men’s demand for women in prostitution is legalized or tolerated are the
receiving sites, while countries and areas where traffickers easily recruit
women are the sending regions.
In the
case of prostitution, the challenge is to end the discrimination for being in
prostitution, while at the same time, ending the oppression of being used in
prostitution. To do this we need to decriminalize prostitution for women, so
the state is no longer punishing women for being exploited and abused. We need
services that assist victims who are suffering from trauma, poor health, and
physical injuries. States need to provide assistance to women and girls in the
form of shelters, hotlines and advocates.
At the same time, we have to oppose the legalization and regulation of prostitution and trafficking, which allow women to be exploited and abused under state determined conditions, and the decriminalization of pimping, trafficking and buying women in prostitution. We must focus more attention on the legitimacy of the demand by men to sexually exploit women and girls. We have to hold the criminals and perpetrators accountable for the harm they do.”
At the same time, we have to oppose the legalization and regulation of prostitution and trafficking, which allow women to be exploited and abused under state determined conditions, and the decriminalization of pimping, trafficking and buying women in prostitution. We must focus more attention on the legitimacy of the demand by men to sexually exploit women and girls. We have to hold the criminals and perpetrators accountable for the harm they do.”
The
2009 report `Tackling
Demand`
provides a rapid evidence assessment of the published research literature.
Definitions
The
Oxford dictionary definition of prostitute is “a person, typically a
woman, who engages in sexual activity for payment”, or “to offer
(someone) as a prostitute, or put to an unworthy or corrupt use for the sake of
gain.” Prostitution is described as “the art or practice of
engaging in sexual intercourse for money.” In terms of support
services for people abused in prostitution, organisations tend to use a broader
definition, for example, “Engaging in sexual activity in exchange for
some form of payment such as: money, drinks, drugs, consumer goods or a bed or
roof over their head for a night.”
Legislation
In
Scotland, prostitution itself is not illegal but there is legislation covering
activities surrounding prostitution, such as soliciting, living off immoral
earnings and trafficking.
For a
comparison of prostitution regimes across nine countries see the 2009 report `Shifting
Sands`
Buying
Sex
The first piece of Scottish legislation to tackle the purchase of sex was introduced in October 2007. This made it an offence to solicit or loiter in a public place for the purpose of obtaining the services of a person engaged in prostitution. Prostitution Public Places (Scotland) Act 2007
The first piece of Scottish legislation to tackle the purchase of sex was introduced in October 2007. This made it an offence to solicit or loiter in a public place for the purpose of obtaining the services of a person engaged in prostitution. Prostitution Public Places (Scotland) Act 2007
Currently
it is not an offence in Scotland to buy sex, other than "in a public
place". There have been a number of proposals to criminalise buying sex
the latest being Rhoda Grant MSP consultation on the proposed Criminalisation
of the Purchase od Sex (Scotland) Bill www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_MembersBills/FINAL_consultation_summary.pdf
Selling
Sex
Although the Scottish Government has recognised prostitution as exploitation and as part of the spectrum of gender based violence, those selling sex on the street continue to be criminalised. Women and men selling sex can be charged with soliciting under Section 46 of the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982
Although the Scottish Government has recognised prostitution as exploitation and as part of the spectrum of gender based violence, those selling sex on the street continue to be criminalised. Women and men selling sex can be charged with soliciting under Section 46 of the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982
The impact of prostitution
There
is much evidence to show that prostitution is harmful to women directly
involved, women in general, to men who buy women in prostitution to families
and to communities:
· Women and children abused in prostitution
experience severe and long lasting physical and mental health problems.
· Prostitution is harmful in and of itself,
i.e. the constantly repeated experience of submitting to unwanted sex is very
damaging to women’s mental health, self-esteem and sexuality.
· Having to endure unwanted sex leads to
the need to dissociate – often using drugs and/or alcohol. Whatever the
reason for women entering prostitution, her drug and alcohol use is likely to
hugely increase.
· Many women involved in street
prostitution do not have care of their children (usually as a consequence of
drug and alcohol misuse). This has a strong impact on the women themselves and
is a common issue they need support on through services. It also
has an impact on the children, the extended family, for example grandparents
bringing up grandchildren, and on child protection services.
· Impact on family life, for families where
women become involved, and also families of men who buy sex: e.g. health risks,
loss of income.
· Impact on communities, especially in
areas where street prostitution takes place: debris, noise, increased traffic
from kerb crawlers, harassment of local residents, witnessing sexual
activity.
· Only 19% of women working as prostitutes
in flats, parlours and saunas are originally from the UK www.eaves4women.co.uk/POPPY_Project/POPPY_Project.php
· 3 out of 4 women in prostitution become
involved aged 21 or younger, and 1 in 2 aged 18 or younger www.cwasu.org/
· 25% of men who had bought sex in
prostitution expressed “significant or shame” about having done so (Challenging
Demand 2008)
· A Survey of
Male Attendees at Sandyford Initiative: Knowledge, Attitudes,
Beliefs and Behaviours in Relation to Prostitution. (Word 5.90MB)
The
following figures are from the Home Office report ‘Paying the Price’: webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/paying_the_price.pdf
· 8.9% of men in London aged 16-44 reported
having paid for sex in the past 5 years
· 75% of children abused through
prostitution had been missing from school
· As many as 85% women in prostitution
report physical abuse in the family, with 45% reporting familial sexual abuse
· In the UK as many as 60 women involved in
prostitution have been murdered in the last 10 years 80,000 women work in
‘on-street’ prostitution in the UK. The average age women become involved being
just 12yrs old
The
Women’s Support Project believes that condoning or accepting prostitution
undermines work on gender equality and on violence against women: what sense
could we make of work against rape, sexual harassment at work, stalking and
underage sex if men can simply buy these activities through prostitution?
Options for responding
The
three main approaches for responding to prostitution are harm reduction,
legalisation and decriminalisation.
1. Harm reduction
Harm
reduction involves the ongoing support of women and men who are involved in
prostitution, dealing with more short term issues such as safety, drug and
substance use / addiction, safer sex and HIV prevention work. Work with women
currently involved in prostitution needs to include harm reduction as a
necessary response for the short term - but we also should be working to end
prostitution forever.
Harm
reduction must be coupled with interventions to support women leave
prostitution, which can often take many years. These interventions need
to offer safe accommodation, drug treatment, robust counseling and support
services, opportunities for women to develop their confidence and self esteem,
learn new skills and training for future employment.
Some
people take the view that it is naïve or unrealistic to aim to end
prostitution. Prostitution is sometimes called the “oldest profession”.
In fact slavery is older and it can be argued that prostitution originally
stemmed from slavery. Many people said that it would be impossible to end
slavery but we now have a situation where slavery is illegal throughout the
world. Although people are still living in conditions of slavery, this is no
longer legal slavery and there are rights and legal protection, which can be
applied to the situation. The same can happen with prostitution.
The
idea of ‘prostitution tolerance zones’ has been debated in Scotland for
many years, often to a heated degree. To legislate for a permanent official
‘zone’ is to take an “out of sight, out of mind” approach, which effectively
abandons the women already caught up in prostitution. Neither does this
approach challenge the lasting harm caused through prostitution or address the
issues around inequality and men’s demand to buy women’s and children’s bodies
for their own pleasure. Furthermore it has been found that violence and crime
can thrive in tolerance zones, including tension between different groups over
territory and profit.
2. Legalisation
If any
activity is harmful, then we will not remove that harm by legalising the
activity. There are contradictions between opposing prostitution of under
18 year olds and trafficking, whilst supporting prostitution as legitimate
work. If you take this view, how do you respond to the almost fifty per cent of
women who enter prostitution under age 18? www.prostitutionresearch.com
The
Women’s Support Project makes no distinction between forced and free
prostitution, viewing it all as exploitation. It is a distraction to say
that women who have been forced into it are victims whilst those who enter it
through limited choices or economic pressures have made an informed choice.
The
hazards associated with prostitution include risk of pregnancy, high abortion
rate, HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual assault, abduction, rape and
murder. These would not disappear if prostitution were legalised.
Many
people hold the view that legalisation would improve conditions for women in
the sex industry. This claim has been made repeatedly by the sex
industry - however evidence from the Netherlands and from states in
Australia that have legalised some areas of prostitution shows that
legalisation does nothing to reduce harm. Furthermore there are many
contradictions around legislating prostitution as legitimate employment, such
as the prospect of unemployed women being threatened with reduction of benefit
if they refuse to accept a job in prostitution. If prostitution was
recognised as legitimate work would brothels and escort agencies be welcome to
come along to the school or college careers night?
The
arguments for legalisation relate to men’s comfort and ease of
conscience. Legalisation of prostitution makes money for men and women
involved in running escort agencies and brothels and for the state through
supposed taxation but it does not improve the situation of prostituted women
and children.
3. Decriminalisation
It
is important that any move to decriminalise prostitution comes from the
principle that prostitution is harmful and therefore must be ended. All forms
of prostitution should be included, especially street prostitution as this is
where many of the most vulnerable women are exploited.
In
order to be effective, the decriminalisation of prostituted women must
be accompanied by:
· criminalisation of third parties
profiting from prostitution.
· criminalisation of buyers of sexual
services.
· Pro-active services to help women get out
of prostitution, including access to safe accommodation, education, training,
drug rehabilitation, and to ongoing support.
· Prevention work to reduce demand from men
to buy sex.
The
Women’s Support Project views the most appropriate approach for Scotland as one
that states that is not acceptable in our culture, which strives towards
equality and human rights, to condone or ignore the exploitation of women in
prostitution.
We
therefore support -
· Decriminalising “selling sex”
· Extending current legislation on buying
sex to all venues and settings including brothels, saunas, lap dance clubs and
massage parlours
· Actively enforcing the law and target
those who buy sex and those who profit through the sale of women – e.g.
landlords, escort agency websites, newspapers and magazines advertising
prostitution
· Provision of adequate resources for
prevention work, harm reduction and support to exit prostitution.
What can I do about it?
We
need widespread awareness raising and education on the realities of
prostitution and other forms of commercial sexual exploitation. A few things
that will help make a difference:
· Learn more - see our leaflet on Prostitution:
Fact or Fiction and see below for recommended reading and useful
contacts.
· Speak to family, friends and colleagues.
Challenge acceptance of abuse.
· Write to newspapers and other forms of
media if you are offended by their coverage of prostitution or other forms of
commercial sexual exploitation
· Object to newspapers and magazines
carrying adverts for the sex industry
· Refuse to stay in hotels who supply
pornography channels
· Join the Scottish Coalition against
Sexual Exploitation on Facebook
· Lobby for organisational policies on
prostitution, e.g. in terms of approach, recruitment of staff and volunteers
· Make links with organisations offering
specialist support and / or working directly with women in prostitution
· Call for adequate legislation to
challenge demand
· Contact local, national and European
elected representatives to make your views known.
Further information & support
For
further information on helpful reading please see: WSP resource
list - Commercial Sexual Explotation
For
information on support services in the Greater Glasgow area please see: WSP
Directory of support services
The
following websites provide helpful information on prostitution and other forms
of commercial sexual exploitation.
www.prostitutionresearch.com/
This site offers information and research on women abused through prostitution.
Highly recommended
This site offers information and research on women abused through prostitution.
Highly recommended
spaceinternational.ie/
A mutual support organisation and campaigning organisation for women who have previously been involved in prostitution.
www.ecpat.org.uk
Website of End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes.
www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/
A selection of Andrea Dworkin’s writing.
www.cwasu.org
Training, consultancy and research from a feminist perspective.
www.catwinternational.org
Information on prostitution and trafficking.
www.myrnabalk.com
Website ofMyrna Balk, artist and campaigner against sexual exploitation.
www.sagesf.org/
Standing Against Global Exploitation Project – or the SAGE Project – is a non profit organisation aiming to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adults. SAGE is a unique collaboration between law enforcement, public health, social services, and private agencies. SAGE is also unique in that it is one of the few organisations created by and for CSE survivors.
A mutual support organisation and campaigning organisation for women who have previously been involved in prostitution.
www.ecpat.org.uk
Website of End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes.
www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/
A selection of Andrea Dworkin’s writing.
www.cwasu.org
Training, consultancy and research from a feminist perspective.
www.catwinternational.org
Information on prostitution and trafficking.
www.myrnabalk.com
Website ofMyrna Balk, artist and campaigner against sexual exploitation.
www.sagesf.org/
Standing Against Global Exploitation Project – or the SAGE Project – is a non profit organisation aiming to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adults. SAGE is a unique collaboration between law enforcement, public health, social services, and private agencies. SAGE is also unique in that it is one of the few organisations created by and for CSE survivors.
Human
Trafficking: making the links (pdf 1.01MB)
A useful briefing document, by Karen Macmillan, 2010
A useful briefing document, by Karen Macmillan, 2010
-----------------
theprostitutionexperience.com
He’s been imposing
himself on the women of prostitution for a long time, ...
to 19-year-old girls ... abuse, rape, forced prostitution,
and just about ...
-------------------------
hotair.com/.../the-dutch-experiment-with-legalized-prostitution-has-been-a-disaster/ - Cached
19 Feb 2013 ... The innate murkiness of the job has not
been washed away by legal ... Making prostitution illegal actually causes a lot of the human
trafficking ...
...
Making the Connections: women, work, and abuse, 1993,
Paul M. Deutsch Press, ... Other studies report 68% to 70% of women in prostitution being
raped ...
--------------
4 days ago ... As of this week no more adverts
incorporating "sexually explicit content" will be promoted by Google's advertising network.
---------------
Control and Abuse of Women and
Girls ... for each woman and girl they deliver ... numbers of
women and girls, prostitution is a death sentence ...
-----------------------------------------------------
Queensland brothels approved
in secret through legal loophole
-------
the horror of legal brothels- get ready 4 needles, condoms... abused pads,
tampons, butts and awhole lot of mess
neighbours..... get urselves ready.... remember back in the 60s...... and it
was a horror.... and the beatings... etc...
-----------------
becauseshematters.blogspot.ca/2009/...strain-theory-labeling-and.html
Once a woman
enters into prostitution, ... women’s stories of prostitution,
trafficking, rape, abuse ... One Canadian study found that prostituted women
and girls ...
---------------------
justicewomen.com/guide/index.html
Your fight to
help a loved one will also help all women and girls. NOTE 1: Why just
... in prostitution, it's time to talk with ... woman),
young or old, ...
-----------------------
... sexual exploitation
and abuse that is the ... prostitution of a fifteen year old
girl but to fail to ... time, women and girls
internalize ...
---------------------
“Prostitution is not natural or inevitable; it is abuse
and exploitation of women and girls ... is to end the discrimination for being in prostitution,
while at the same time, ending the ... on the legitimacy of the demand by men to sexually
exploit women and girls. ... The average age women become involved being
just 12yrs old.
---------------
aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/prison2home02/covington.htm - Cached - SimilarMany will automatically label a woman
who has been convicted of a crime as a
bad ... Prostitution, property crime, and drug use can then become a way of life.
.... that girls are socialized to be more empathic than boys, incarcerated women
..... Abuse of women as adults was reported at a rate of eight times higher than
the ...
bad ... Prostitution, property crime, and drug use can then become a way of life.
.... that girls are socialized to be more empathic than boys, incarcerated women
..... Abuse of women as adults was reported at a rate of eight times higher than
the ...
-----------
[PDF]
www.drugscope.org.uk/.../Challenge%20of%20change_policy%20briefing.pdf - Cached - SimilarAt the same time, the term 'prostitute'
is historically laden with institutional and
cultural discriminations against women who sell sex, and defines and labels
them by ... instance, the Mayor of London's violence against women and girls
strategy, ... to cope with selling sex (and the violence and abuse in their lives)
and often sell ...
cultural discriminations against women who sell sex, and defines and labels
them by ... instance, the Mayor of London's violence against women and girls
strategy, ... to cope with selling sex (and the violence and abuse in their lives)
and often sell ...
-----------------
aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/prison2home02/covington.htm - Cached - SimilarMany will automatically label a woman
who has been convicted of a crime as a
bad ... Prostitution, property crime, and drug use can then become a way of life.
.... that girls are socialized to be more empathic than boys, incarcerated women
..... Abuse of women as adults was reported at a rate of eight times higher than
the ...
bad ... Prostitution, property crime, and drug use can then become a way of life.
.... that girls are socialized to be more empathic than boys, incarcerated women
..... Abuse of women as adults was reported at a rate of eight times higher than
the ...
------------------
camgirlnotes.fr.yuku.com/topic/...Prostitution-Women-Debt...
Cached
...
wealthy older men willing to pay large sums to ‘spend time ... women
in prostitution doesn’t just ... abuse and up to 95% of
women in prostitution ...
----------------
Prostitution
Statistics and Rape - Physical Abuse of Prostitutes Common
Sexual Assault Commonplace Yet Rarely
Prosecuted
Aileen
Wuornos
Florida
DOC/Getty Images
For women
who are prostitutes, rape is every bit as traumatic as it is for women who are
not sex workers. It may even be more painful, as the act reopens old wounds and
buried memories of unbearable abuse. In fact, prostitutes demonstrate many of
the same characteristics as soldiers returning from the battlefield.
In the
1990s, researchers Melissa Farley and Howard Barkan conducted a study on
prostitution, violence against women and post traumatic stress disorder,
interviewing 130 San Francisco prostitutes. Their findings indicate assault and
rape are all too commonplace:
Eighty-two
percent of these respondents reported having been physically assaulted since
entering prostitution. Of those who had been physically assaulted, 55% had been
assaulted by customers. Eighty-eight percent had been physically threatened
while in prostitution, and 83% had been physically threatened with a
weapon....Sixty-eight percent...reported having been raped since entering
prostitution. Forty-eight percent had been raped more than five times.
Forty-six percent of those who reported rapes stated that they had been raped
by customers.
Painful Past
As the
researchers note, other studies have proven again and again that most women who
work as prostitutes have been physically or sexually abused as children. Farley
and Barkan’s findings not only confirm this fact but also highlight that for
some, abuse begins so early that the child is not able to comprehend what is
happening to her:
Fifty-seven
percent reported a history of childhood sexual abuse, by an average of 3
perpetrators. Forty-nine percent of those who responded reported that as
children, they had been hit or beaten by a caregiver until they had bruises or
were injured in some way...Many seemed profoundly uncertain as to just what
"abuse" is. When asked why she answered "no" to the
question regarding childhood sexual abuse, one woman whose history was known to
one of the interviewers said: "Because there was no force, and, besides, I
didn't even know what it was then - I didn't know it was sex."
Unfair Game
Writing in
the Criminal Practice Law Report, Dr. Phyllis Chesler, Emerita Professor
of Psychology and Women's Studies at City University of New York, describes the
violence that permeates the life of a prostitute and why it’s rare for her to
report a rape:
Prostituted
women have long been considered "fair game" for sexual harassment, rape, gang-rape,
"kinky" sex, robbery, and beatings....A 1991 study by the Council for
Prostitution Alternatives, in Portland, Oregon, documented that 78 percent of
55 prostituted women reported being raped an average of 16 times annually by
their pimps and 33 times a year by johns. Twelve rape complaints were made in
the criminal justice system and neither pimps nor johns were ever convicted. These
prostitutes also reported being "horribly beaten" by their pimps an
average of 58 times a year. The frequency of beatings...by johns ranged from I
to 400 times a year. Legal action was pursued in 13 cases, resulting in 2
convictions for "aggravated assault."
The 1990
Florida Supreme Court Gender Bias Report states that "prostitution is not
a victimless crime... Prostitute rape is rarely reported, investigated,
prosecuted or taken seriously."
Serial Killer...or Self Defense?
Chesler
cites these statistics as she reviews the 1992 trial of Aileen Wuornos , a
woman the media dubbed "the first female serial killer." A prostitute
accused of killing five men in Florida, Wuornos' crimes - as Chesler argues -
were mitigated by her past history and the situation surrounding her first
murder, committed in self-defense.
Wuornos,
a seriously abused child and a serially raped and beaten teenage and adult
prostitute, has been under attack all her life, probably more than any soldier
in any real war. In my opinion, Wuornos's testimony in the first trial was both
moving and credible as she described being verbally threatened, tied up, and
then brutally raped...by Richard Mallory. According to Wuornos, she agreed to
have sex for money with Mallory on the night of November 30, 1989. Mallory, who
was intoxicated and stoned, suddenly turned vicious.
What Lies Beneath
Chesler
states that the jury was denied an important tool in understanding the mindset
of Aileen Wuornos - the testimony of expert witnesses. Among those who had
agreed to testify on her behalf were a psychologist, a psychiatrist, experts in
prostitution and violence against prostitutes, experts in child abuse, battery,
and rape trauma syndrome. Chesler indicates their testimony was necessary
...to
educate the jury about the routine and horrendous sexual, physical, and
psychological violence against prostituted women...the long-term consequences
of extreme trauma, and a woman's right to self-defense. Given how often
prostituted women are raped, gang raped, beaten, robbed, tortured, and killed,
Wuornos's claim that she killed Richard Mallory in self-defense is at least
plausible.
History of Violence
As is
often the case with rape and assault, the
perpetrator never commits the crime just once. Wuornos's rapist had
a history of sexual violence against women; Richard Mallory had been
incarcerated in Maryland for many years as a sex offender. Yet, as Chesler
explains:
...the
jury never got to hear any evidence about Mallory's history of violence toward
prostitutes, or about violence toward prostitutes in general, which might have
helped them evaluate Wuornos's much-derided claim of self-defense.
Final Sentence
As Chesler
notes, the jury of five men and seven women deliberating Wuornos' fate took
only 91 minutes to find her guilty and 108 minutes to recommend she be given
the death penalty for the murder of ex-convict Richard Mallory.
Aileen
Carol Wuornos was executed by lethal injection on October 9, 2002.
Chesler,
Phyllis. "Sexual Violence Against Women and a Woman's Right to
Self-Defense: The Case of Aileen Carol Wuornos." Criminal Practice Law
Report Vol. 1 No.9, October 1993
Farley,
Melissa, PhD and Barkan, Howard, DrPH "Prostitution, Violence Against Women,and Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder"Women & Health 27 (3): 37-49. The
Haworth Press, Inc. 1998
civilliberty.about.com/.../tp/History-of-Prostitution.htm
Cached
Contrary
to the old cliché, prostitution is ... the only category of
women ... the Japanese government abducted between 80,000 and 300,000 women
and girls from ...
-----------------
lax NewAgeMedia lax rules and laws on
their prostituting girls, tweens and teens folks- WE GOT 2 MAKE THEM STOP....
they crossed the boundary of decency 10 years ago... and the finished product
is ugly.... let's git r done...
BLOGGED:
CANADA MILITARY NEWS: July 1- Happy
Dominion-Canada Day Folks-147 years young/videos/news/updates/Idle No More/One
Billion Rising/We'll keep the Peter MacKays thx/NewAgeMedia letting down girls,
tweens, teens n youth/Afghan/ALWAYS R TROOPS/bLOGS/ Thank u God 4 loving our
Canada- young, beautiful, brilliant, smart.... protected and free.
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That's how most people see prostitutes. But for
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