Canadians Idle No more - we are one nation and one broken heart- We stand with our Dene and all the families including the 'lost son' - history - honour- dignity-/Our First People and First Settlers built our Canada/Our First Peoples - the first to sign the dotted line and 2 often the first to die..., CANADA IDLES NO MORE- we stand as one
Teen facing four counts of murder in Saskatchewan shooting
Police say a 17-year-old has been charged with four counts of first-degree murder and seven counts of attempted murder
Candles and flowers placed as a memorial lay near the La Loche, Sask., junior and senior high school on Saturday, January 23, 2016. A shooting Friday left four people dead.
JUST IN- MY FAV. NEWS SITE-EURONEWS- Stuck in ‘halfway place,’ remote Canadian community reels from shooting
By Julie Gordon and Rod Nickel
VANCOUVER/WINNIPEG (Reuters) – The remote, northern Canadian community where a shooter killed four people and injured seven on Friday has long struggled under the weight of poverty, high suicide rates and disadvantages that most of the country can hardly imagine.
The isolated town of La Loche, in the western province of Saskatchewan, and its neighbouring Clearwater River Dene Indian reserve, six hours away from the nearest airport, embody the dire prospects for Canada’s Aboriginals, also known as First Nations.
Unemployment stands above 20 percent in the community, suicide and addiction rates are high, homes are overcrowded and family violence is rife in the community which is mostly Metis, a culture with French and Aboriginal roots.
“If you know about this deadly mix of hopelessness and abuse and violence, and drugs and alcohol abuse, and racism and poverty, really it’s a perfect recipe for something like this to happen,” said Mark Totten, who spent five years working with Aboriginal youth in Saskatchewan, and is now a criminal justice professor at Humber College in Toronto.
Canada’s new Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in December promised a new “nation-to-nation relationship with First Nations peoples” and an inquiry into the high rates of missing and murdered Aboriginal women.
Trudeau, 44, was speaking after a report found the forcible separation of Aboriginal children from their families amounted to cultural genocide.
La Loche, set beside a lake and boreal forest at the end of a highway from southern Saskatchewan, one of Canada’s wealthiest provinces due to its reserves of crude oil, potash and uranium, has a checkered history of violence.
In 2010, a man was shot dead in broad daylight across the street from the local police detachment. A year later, a mob torched a police truck and attacked two police officers.
“Things are getting kind of bad,” said Sylvia Piche, 53, who grew up in La Loche before moving to Clearwater. “I’m afraid to even walk at night.”
Mass shootings are rare, however, even in Canada’s most desperate corners.
Canadian police said on Saturday that a 17-year-old man has been charged with four counts of first degree murder, seven counts of attempted murder and unauthorized possession of a firearm. He cannot be named due to his age.
Police identified the victims as Dayne Fontaine, 17, and Drayden Fontaine, 13, teacher Adam Wood, 35, and teaching assistant Marie Janvier, 21.
“My heart was shattered, the community was shattered,” said acting mayor Kevin Janvier, who was inaccurately reported to have lost his daughter in the school shooting.
In La Loche, which has a population of 2,600, 18 people committed suicide over a four-and-a-half year span to January 2010, the StarPhoenix newspaper said last year. It said the
annual suicide rate in the regional health district is the highest in the province.
“There’s not much future after you graduate,” said Raymond Dauvin, a long-time La Loche resident. “You have to leave town to work. And it’s difficult, because if you leave town you’re in an environment of other people who don’t speak Dene. In a way, it’s your nation up here.”
The tragedy will also raise questions about gun access in Aboriginal communities. While all firearms must be registered in Canada, the process is easier for Aboriginals who use shotguns for traditional hunting and youth under 12 can obtain access.
“Having a shotgun is a very important thing, because if you’re supporting your family with moose, maybe beaver pelts, deer, then you need guns,” said Humber’s Totten.
Still, Aboriginal communities will ask hard questions about gun security after the shooting, said Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Chief Bobby Cameron, who represents more than 70 Indian bands in the province.
In the meantime, La Loche residents are caught between traditional and modern worlds, giving rise to “unimaginable” social problems that are symptoms of the loss of identity, said Ken Coates, director of the University of Saskatchewan’s northern development centre.
Elders who provide the last link to traditional Aboriginal life are dying, while television channels are easily available, offering a teasing window into an affluent southern world, he said.
“You’re stuck in this halfway place, which creates this odd (question) of, ‘Am I a northern person? Yes. But am I a Canadian in a full sense?’” Coates said.
(Editing by Amran Abocar, Diane Craft)
http://www.euronews.com/newswires/3133290-at-least-two-dead-suspect-held-in-canada-school-shooting-report/
BLOG:
Canada Military News: TEENS HAVE IT HARD DAMMIT!! As Margaret Mead once said, today our children are not brought up by parents, they are brought up by the mass media and dumb $$$ soulstealing decency imho-. The absolute terror of surviving teenage years/The quiet decent parents and grandparents nobody ever sees or hears/the monsters who have children and destroy them.... and the healing and surviving of teenagers to incredible, brilliant adults -the real stars of this world imho- Classified's THE DAY DOESN'T DIE /Jimmy Wayne's- It's Not Where uve been, it's where ur going...u are not a throwaway/Walk a little Straighter Daddy /newsreporting...reminders http://nova0000scotia.blogspot.ca/2016/01/canada-military-news-absolute-terror-of.html
History of the Denesuliné (Dene) in Northern Saskatchewan
Denesuliné (pronounced as Den-a-sooth-leh-na) or Dene of Northern Saskatchewan were once referred to as Chipewyan or Caribou Eaters (Ethen-eldeli or Et-en-eldili-dene) but they prefer their self-naming term, Denesuliné which means 'Human Beings.' Chipewyan, a term given to the Denesuliné by the Cree during the fur trade era means 'pointed toes.' Chipewyan is the term specific to Denesuliné who reside in the northern boreal forest while Dene or Athapaskan refers to all Dene in Canada.
Man and boy - in truck.
3 young girls - Robillards.
Man and woman - in truck.
The occupancy of the Denesuliné in Northern Saskatchewan can be traced through archeological evidence to approximately eight to twelve thousand years ago. Archeologists, anthropologists, and other academics speculate that the Denesuliné like other Aboriginal bands migrated into Canada through the Bering Straight. This theory speculates that Aboriginal peoples crossed a large ice/land mass from Asia into Canada at least 8,000 - 12,000 years ago.
A journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay...
Samuel Hearne was one of the first Europeans to come into contact with the Denesuliné (1769-72) while on an expedition for the Hudson's Bay Company to Coppermine River. He noted upon meeting the Denesuliné that "as their whole aim is to procure a comfortable subsistence, they take the most prudent methods to accomplish it; and by always following the lead of the deer, are seldom exposed to the griping hand of famine, so frequently felt by those who are called the annual traders."[1]
Apparently, Hearne lost his way in the bush and was rescued by a Denesuliné leader named Matonabbe. Matonabbe eventually became a guide and close friend of Hearne's and together they set out in search of copper that they did not find.
At the time of contact it is noted that Denesuliné were fierce enemies of the Caribou Inuit and the Plains Cree.
Geography
The Denesuliné in Northern Saskatchewan are situated on reserve lands that were designated through an adhesion to Treaty 8 in 1899 and Treaty 10 in 1906. Treaty 8 was signed between the Government of Canada and the Denesuliné in Blake Lake (Chicken 224, 225, and 226), Clearwater, and Fond du Lac. Treaty Ten was signed on July 20, 1906 between the Government of Canada and the Denesuliné of English River and Wollaston Lake.
Population
Prince Albert and Meadow Lake Tribal Agency- Band List, 1963
It is not known how many Denesuliné there were at the time of contact, but it is estimated there were approximately 250,000 Dene across Canada. A smallpox epidemic in 1781-1782 decimated approximately ninety percent of the Cree and Dene population.
In 2001, there were approximately 10,585 in Canada who identified as being of Denesuliné ancestry.
Language
The Denesuliné in Northern Saskatchewan belong to the Athapaskan linguistic group Na Dene. Linguistics refer to the Dene or Denesuliné dialect as Chipewyan. Denesuliné is spoken in the ' t' dialect with the exception of those in Fond du Lac who speak the 'k' dialect. In the past, Denesuliné used to identify each other by their language and "[i]f he can be understood, he is Chipewyan; if he cannot be understood, he is not Chipewyan."[2]
The Dene language remains a fairly strong language spoken in the various dialects across Northern Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba in Canada and into the United States where it is comprehensible to the Navajo. The Denesuliné language group is closely related to the Slave, Beaver, Dogrib, and Hare First Nations.
The 2001 Canadian Census reported there were "935" Denesuliné who claimed 'Chipewyan' as their mother tongue or first language. Overall, in 2001, the Canadian census indicates there were "10,585" Dene speakers in all of Canada. However, there may be as many as "15 000 DëneSu,liné / Chipewyan" speakers throughout Canada.[3]
Kinship/Social Structure
Denesuliné did not have any formal leadership or chief. They were referred to as acephalous societies or headless societies. Politically, they were loosely organized. Leaders or headmen when needed were chosen based on their knowledge and wisdom of the task at hand. For instance, organizing a hunting or raiding party. As a result, everyone limited powers to control or coerce one another. They did not have a rank and order system or election to choose leaders. In many other cases, the medicine man (Asegolia) took the role of making decisions for the group.
Family structure as well was loosely organized due to their frequent migration in search of caribou. They were referred to as 'hunting units' that consisted of two or more families who were related. Generally, "the hunting unit is based on a man and his son."[4] A son would also include a son-in-law.
The kinship and social structure of the Dene was interconnected to their relationship to hunting, their land, environment, and animals.
Marriages were arranged by the parents based on practicality or need of the hunting unit. In Denesuliné culture it was forbidden for a son-in-law to talk to his mother-in-law and vice versa. This is because it was believed that "the mother-in-law is the same as his wife was before he married her."[5]
Reciprocity or the sharing of resources (food, clothing, etc) was common among the Denesuliné. Everyone participated in and celebrated any hunt that occurred amongst the band. This reciprocity was generally not shared between the various bands of Denesuliné but rather between members within a band. Within the band few people went hungry because the Denesuliné shared their food resources with everyone.
Division of labour was by sex and age - Men would hunt and fish for big game while the women, elderly, and children hunted for small game and gathered berries.
Denesuliné men received respect from their community by being successful hunters. Men were also responsible for cutting and sawing wood while the children and dogs would be responsible for hauling and stacking the woodpile.
Man cutting firewood.
Indian cutting wood.
Man sawing wood.
Woman cleaning and stretching moose hide.
Drying fish beside Moise Toutsaint's house.
The role of the Denesuliné woman included sewing and tanning hides for clothes and tents, drying and smoking fish and meat, moving and setting up camp, and looking after the children and dogs.
"Northern town
lacks modern conveniences" Newspaper clipping, 1974
lacks modern conveniences" Newspaper clipping, 1974
Women were responsible for moving and setting up the tents (tipi) and camp. The site of the camp was generally selected in the location where there was a successful hunt. There she would prepare the meat for drying or fish for drying.
Women were responsible to ensure that the fish that was caught was smoked or sun dried for preservation.
The children were responsible for hauling water, gathering wood, and picking berries. Older siblings were responsible for taking care of their younger siblings. Children in many of the northern Denesuliné communities were required to haul water up into the 1990s.
Aside from the school and teacher's residence, Health Center, community hall, and church, no other building or house had running water or sewer systems until 1994/95.
Denesuliné children in Black Lake hauling water in the early 1970s
Boy hauling water.
Children at water hoses.
5 youngsters obtaining water from hose.
5 children carrying water.
Worldview
Denesuliné believed that spiritual powers were received through dreams and visions.
Medicine men (Shaman) would tell stories about their spiritual connection to animals such as wolves, who were believed to hold special powers. Consequently, the animals that were held in high regard were not killed, harmed, or consumed in any way. Denesuliné made their fishnets out of sinew or babiche with special care so as to ensure a successful hunt. According to Samuel Hearne, superstition was highly involved in making fishnets and if certain protocol were not followed the result would be an unsuccessful hunt. In his journals he stated:
When they make a new fishing-net, which is always composed of small thongs cut from raw caribou-skins, they take a number of birds' bills and feet, and tie them, a little apart from each other, to the head and foot rope of the net, and at the four corners generally fasten some of the toes and jaws of otters and minks...They frequently sell new nets, which have not been wet more than once or twice, because they have not been successful.[6]
Pictures of 'Roderick Yooya' making a fishnet
Roderick Yooya stringing fishnet.
Roderick Yooya stringing fishnet.
Denesuliné believed in reincarnation after death. They believed that a deceased person's soul could consume that of a young child, therefore, children were forbidden to come into contact with a deceased person such as at a funeral.
They took great care when burying their deceased. They were buried in a graveyard that was only for Denesuliné. Protective fences or houses were placed around their grave to keep the deceased person's spirit contained and to keep out trespassers and vandals.
Pictures of a Denesuliné gravesite in Fond du Lac
Grave with surrounding fence.
Group of graves.
Grave with surrounding fence.
Chiefs demand return of schools to Ottawa.
Education
For many Denesuliné, their education was gained through their culture and traditions in hunting, fishing, and the land. However, it was required by law for all children in Canada to go to school. Because many of the smaller remote communities did not have resources to build schools, the children were taken to various residential or mission schools set up over the Province. Residential schools were government-funded and church-run institutions generally operated by Missionaries of Catholic or Anglican faith. One of the last residential schools in Canada closed in 1985. It was not unusual for children to leave their family and community at the age of six and return home a stranger at age sixteen.
Economy
Indian's spring fishing camp.
The Denesuliné at the time of contact were hunting and gathering societies whose main mode of subsistence was trading furs, moose (Alces alces), caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), and fish (whitefish) with Aboriginal groups they were not in conflict with. They first came into contact with European fur-traders as early as 1717 when the Hudson's Bay Company erected a trading post at " Fort Prince Wales at the mouth of the Churchill River." [7]
Hunting, fishing, and trapping continue to be a way of life as well as a supplemental way of life for many Denesuliné. They continue to migrate in search of food while maintaining a sedentary lifestyle.
Transportation
Before the introduction of modern transportation the Denesuliné relied on snowshoes, canoes, and dog teams or sledges as their main mode of transportation. When snow machines were introduced, the Denesuliné found them to be more efficient, but they preferred their dog teams for several reasons. In the harsh winter the snow machines were always breaking down and they did not have the resources to repair or maintain them. The price of gasoline was also expensive and could not be obtained while they were in the bush hunting. As a result, the Denesuliné preferred their dogs because "in a real pinch, you cannot eat a snowmobile." [8]
The dog was a very important feature of transportation for Denesuliné. The introduction of dogsleds began in the mid 1850s but it is thought that Denesuliné traded dogs long before with the Caribou Inuit.
Dozen dogs.
Dog team.
Sled dog survey.
The Government through the Department of Indian Affairs, kept careful records of all dogs owned by each person in the various Denesuliné communities. The records in the early 1970s indicate that the dog population was higher than the Denesuliné population in Black Lake. The above survey shows there were 461 Denesuliné and 581 dogs.
Dog sleds were used to transport animal carcasses after a successful hunting expedition. The introduction of snowmobiles and all terrain vehicles has reduced, if not eliminated the workload required of the dogs.
These pictures show a dog team pulling a caribou
Dog team pulling caribou.
Caribou carcass being hauled by dog team.
Dog hauling wood.
Transportation survey, Stony Rapids.
Denesuliné also relied their dogs to alleviate their workload by having the dog teams transport cords of wood from the bush to their house. At the time this picture was taken in 1971, firewood was the main source of heat in Denesuliné communities.
Into the 1970s, few people in Black Lake/Stony Rapids had motorized vehicles. This may be due in part to the fact that there are no year round roads into the community. In 2004, aside from a temporary winter road, there remains to be no year round road access into Black Lake.
This transportation survey conducted in Stony Rapids between in 1971 shows all of the people living in Stony Rapids including Denesuliné who owned vehicles.
Air transportation was first introduced to the Denesuliné in 1929.
Aeroplanes used for expeditions and explorations in the North.
Endnotes
[1] Henry Sharp. The Kinship Systems of the Black Lake Chipewyan. Dissertation. Drake University, 1973:155
[2] Henry Sharp. The Kinship Systems of the Black Lake Chipewyan. Dissertation. Drake University, 1973:3.
[3] Excerpt from: "Aboriginal languages of Canada" by Eung-Do Cook and Darin Howe, Chap. 9 in W. O'Grady and J. Archibald (Eds.), Contemporary Linguistic Analysis, 5th edition. Toronto: Addison Wesley Longman, 294-309.
[4] Henry Sharp. The Kinship Systems of the Black Lake Chipewyan. Dissertation. Drake University, 1973:156.
[5] Ibid:200
[6] Samuel Hearne. Arctic Dawn: The Journeys of Samuel Hearne <http://web.idirect.com/~hland/sh/shtoc.htm>
[7] People of Northern Saskatchewan. <http://www.kayas.ca/peopledene.html>
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PAGE 2
Denesuliné in Treaty Eight:
Black Lake, Fond du Lac, and Clearwater River (La Loche)
History:
The Denesuliné in and near Black Lake, Saskatchewan were formerly known as the Stony Rapids Denesuliné. They now refer to themselves as the Black Lake Denesuliné Nation. 'Tazen tuwé' is the self-naming term for Black Lake and literally means Black Lake. The self-naming term for Stony Rapids is 'Deschaghe' which means 'settlement on the other side of the Rapids.' [9]
Location:
The community of Black Lake is located approximately 170 kilometres southeast of Uranium City. Aside from Fond du Lac, it is Saskatchewan's most northern community. There is no year round access road into Black Lake due to its remote location. The nearest airport to Black Lake is 16 miles away in Stony Rapids.
Aerial photo of Black Lake, SK
Aerial photo of Black Lake, SK
The total land base allotted to the Black Lake Denesuliné Nation through an adhesion to the Treaty 8 agreement in 1899 is 32,819 hectares. There are three bands of Black Lake Denesuliné who share the allocated reserve land. They are Chicken No. 224, Chicken No. 225, and Chicken No. 226. David Thompson of the Hudson's Bay Company first surveyed the area from Reindeer Lake, Wollaston Lake, and Black Lake in 1796.
Population:
The population in Black Lake has risen steadily over the past 70 years. In 1932, Father Eugene Picard of the Roman Catholic Mission in Black Lake reported there were "230 people or 65 families from the Black Lake region." [10]
By 1970, there were "535" Denesuliné living in Black Lake. This is an increase of "250%" over a span of "forty-three years" [11]
In 1997, there were approximately "four thousand" Denesuliné living in Stoney Rapids, Fond du Lac and Black Lake.
As of 2005, there are approximately 1699 Denesuliné living in the community of Black Lake, SK.
Language:
Though there was a significant language loss that began in the 1970s, the use of Denesuliné is now very prominent in everyday use in Black Lake. In fact, Denesuliné is the first language taught to infants and children. [12]
In 1996, of the "1,055" Denesuliné registered in Black Lake, "1005" reported 'other' language as their mother tongue or first language.[13] The 'other' language refers to Denesuliné or Chipewyan. English is considered a second language in Black Lake.
Education:
The Black Lake school that was built in the early century has been replaced a newly modernized and up to date facility. The newly named "Father Porte Memorial Denesuline School has approximately 400 students enrolled. Eight of [the] 21 educators are band members and…[they have] 16 teacher assistants who participate in daily classroom activities."[14]
Chipewyan children at Black Lake School, Black Lake, Sask. 1969, 1971
Chipewyan children at Black Lake School (cited #17315)
Jim Good, Stony Rapids (cited #16831)
Children playing in schoolyard, Black Lake. (cited #16832)
Religion:
Since the arrival of the newcomers, many Denesuliné have adopted the Roman Catholic faith. The Roman Catholic Church built their first church in Black Lake in 1951.
Today many Denesuliné are relearning and practicing traditional forms of spirituality. The sweat lodge is one of the spiritual ceremonies being re-introduced back into Denesuliné spirituality.
Father Picard and Brother George, Black Lake - 1971
This newspaper clipping shows the Roman Catholic Church and Denesuliné in 1958.
Organization:
Black Lake Band Council Hall centre; Old Nursing Station left; Indian Affairs storage shed right, 1971
An elected Chief and 5 Council govern the Black Lake Denesuliné Nation. They are affiliated to the Prince Albert Grand Council and the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations.
Economy:
Traditionally, Black Lake Denesuliné were nomadic hunters who followed the large herds of Beverly caribou in search of food. Hence their name 'Caribou Eaters.'
Fishing was an important aspect of subsistence for the Denesuliné and their dogs. Whitefish was generally saved for human consumption while other fish such as suckers and walleye were saved for the dogs.
Late summer was the best time for fishing as it was close to freeze-up. The collected meat and fish could be frozen during this time. Otherwise, the fish and meat was preserved through sun drying or smoking in the spring and summer months. The process of drying fish was necessary because freezers were unavailable in Black Lake region.
Denesuliné drying fish in the summer time
Drying fish beside Moise Toutsaint's house.
Drying fish beside Moise Toutsaint's house.
Denesuliné used tents in the winter time to smoke their meat or fish.
A census of occupations in Black Lake by U of S Professor R.M. Bone in 1971 indicated that trapping was still a way of life for the majority of Black Lake Denesuliné.
In fact, in the early 1970s, there was only one freezer that was shared by everyone in the community. The Band Council and Priest were responsible for holding the key and allowing people access to the freezer. This became troublesome as they had no set hours and people would ask to access the freezer at any given hour.
Into the 1970s, hunting and trapping continued to be a major source of income and subsistence for many Denesuliné from Black Lake. Other jobs that were available to those in Black Lake were mainly seasonal jobs such as hunting or fishing guides, diamond drillers, or fire fighters.
Today, many Denesuliné participate in the work force full time in Education, management, clerical, mining, Band administration, Social Welfare, Health, construction, and Government.
The community of Black Lake received $2,2289,834.00 in Government transfer payments in 2004.[15]
The average income in Black Lake is $29,247.00 per annum.
Fond du Lac
Aerial views of Fond du Lac in 1970
Fond-du-Lac
Fond-du-Lac
History:
Fond du Lac is one of the oldest, most northern remote communities in Saskatchewan. The North West Company first established Fond du Lac as trading post in the late 1790s to early 1800s. However, they abandoned the site in '1804' after numerous attacks and massacres which were apparently initiated the by ' Chipewyan.' The Hudson's Bay Company re-built the post in '1819.'
The Hudson's Bay Company store in 1970
One of the first houses built in Fond du Lac in 1880.
When the HBC and the NWC merged in 1821, they abandoned the site to a more feasible location in Fort Chipewyan. " Jose Mercredi," who was in charge of the previous NWC post claimed to be the founder of present day Fond du Lac when he established the settlement in '1845.'
In '1851,' the Hudson's Bay Company built their post in present day Fond du Lac and it "has remained in operation at Fond du Lac from (at least) 1851 to contemporary times, when its stores have transformed into the "Northern" company."[16]
Location:
This small isolated community of Fond du Lac is situated approximately fifty miles from Uranium City. It is a fly in only community.
Population:
Fond du Lac is predominately a Denesuliné and Metis community. There were approximately 642 Denesuliné in Fond du Lac in 2005. This number is down from 751 in 1996. There was an even distribution of approximately 340 men and 340 women in Fond du Lac in 2005.
Language:
The use of Denesuliné as a first language is rapidly deteriorating in the community of Fond du Lac. Denesuliné speakers in Fond du Lac speak the k dialect.
Education:
Denesuliné in Fond du lac have a high incidence of school dropout rates. In the age category of 45-65 there are 75% who have not completed high school or secondary education.
Religion:
The Denesuliné in Fond du Lac are predominantly Catholic with a few practicing the Protestant faith while the others subscribe to traditional spirituality.
Organization:
The Fond du Lac Denesuliné First Nation are politically guided by Section 11 of the Indian Act (1876). They have a customary Chief and Council election system in place. They are affiliated to the Prince Albert Grand Council in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan.
Economy:
In 1931, Fond du Lac boasted "3 stores…and gasoline." [17] Today, Fond du Lac has a new gas bar, convenience store, and fast food outlet
Fond du Lac's main source of economy is through mining and mineral extraction.
The community of Fond du Lac received $6,594,191.00 in Federal transfer payments in 2004.
The average income in Fond du Lac is $33,645.00 per annum
Clearwater River (La Loche)
History:
The Clearwater River Dene Nation consists of three bands including reserves 221 and 223. The Clearwater River Dene Nation used to be known as the 'Big C.'
In 1778, Peter Pond established the first trading post in the area of Clearwater.
Route of trip along the Clearwater River to Lac La Loch, 1972
Location:
The Clearwater River Dene Nation is located near La Loche, Saskatchewan. Clearwater is approximately 350 kms from the nearest service center in Meadow Lake. The reserve land that was allotted during the signing of Treaty Eight covers approximately 9,500 hectares.
Population:
1471 were registered with the Clearwater River Dene Nation in 2005. Just over half (813) of the Band population lives off reserve.
There are only 10 persons registered in reserve 223 of the Clearwater River Dene Nation.
Language:
Denesuliné is the main language spoken in Clearwater with English as a second language
Education:
Just over 50% of the population in Clearwater does not have any type of secondary or post-secondary training.
Religion:
Occupants of Clearwater practice traditional forms of spirituality along with the Roman Catholic faith. More recently, sweat lodges are being introduced as traditional forms of spirituality.
Organization:
Clearwater Denesuliné First Nation are governed by a Chief and Council that is mandated by Section 10 of the Indian Act (1876). They are affiliated with the Meadow Lake Tribal Council Program Services INC (MLTC Program Services INC) in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan.
Economy:
The unemployment rate at La Loche is very high. The mine manager reported "about 250 people had worked at the mines during the past 15 years."
The average income in Clearwater is $27,315.00 per annum. [Source]
Endnotes
[9] Article: Post Reserve: Present Day Reserves in Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center Heritage Website. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. <http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/ethnography/dene/territory/postreserve.html>
[10] The Geographical Movements of the Chipewyan Indians of the Black Lake Region from the Winter of 1931 to the Summer of 1932. University of Saskatchewan Archives: R.M. Bone fonds (240)
[11] Henry Sharp. The Kinship Systems of the Black Lake Chipewyan. Dissertation. Drake University, 1973:25.
[12] Excerpt from: "Aboriginal languages of Canada" by Eung-Do Cook and Darin Howe, Chap. 9 in W.
[13] 2001 Community Profile - Chicken 224. Statistics Canada <http://www.statcan.ca>
[14] ECN: Black Lake First Nation Education. <http://www.indianclaims.ca/english/pub/proceedings.html>
[15] Wilfred Lentz, Chartered Accountant. Black Lake. Schedule of Government Funding, March 2004. < Black Lake20032004.pdf>
[16] David Meyer. "The Fur Trade Period" in Human History in Far Northern Saskatchewan.<http://canoesaskatchewan.rkc.ca/arch/archhist.htm>
[17] R.M. Bone fonds (240). Recollections of Father Eugene Picard of the Stony Rapids Chipewyans, 1931-1934. University of Saskatchewan Archives, 28 July 1971:15
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PAGE 3
Denesuliné in Treaty Ten:
Birch Narrows (Turnor Lake), Buffalo River (Dillon), English River (Patuanak/La Plonge), and Hatchet Lake (Wollaston Lake)
Birch Narrows (Turnor Lake)
History:
Originally called the Peter Pond band, the Buffalo River Dene Nation (8259.7 h) and the Birch River Narrows Dene Nation (2765.5 h.) were divided into two bands in 1972. Both bands lived in and near Buffalo Narrows before moving to Buffalo Rivers near Dillon and Birch Narrows near Turnor Lake, Saskatchewan.
Buffalo Narrows, 1971- Home of Peter Pond Band before 1972 split into Birch Narrows Dene Nation and Buffalo River Dene Nation
Birch Narrows belongs to Treaty Ten signed in 1906.
Aerial photo of Buffalo Narrows, SK
Location:
Birch Narrows is located approximately 270 miles from Meadow Lake, which is the closet center with all amenities. They are located about 55 miles from Buffalo Narrows and both communities remain closely connected.
Population:
The population in 2005 for Birch Narrows was 596. Approximately two thirds of the registered population in Birch Narrows resides on reserve.
Language:
The majority language spoken in Birch Narrows is English. It is reported that Denesuliné is rarely spoken and is a language considered in crisis. There appears to be very little done at this point to revitalize the language. This could be attributed to their remote location.
Education:
Birch Narrows Dene Nation has its own school, the Birch Ridge Community School. They accommodate both First Nation and Metis students from kindergarten to grade nine. There are approximately 170 students attending the school on a full time basis.
Birch Narrows has recently taken control of their Educational management from the Northern Lights School Division. There are plans in the very near future to construct a brand new state of the art school in Birch Narrows.
Birch Narrows has a high number of people attending post-secondary institutions across the province and across the country.
Religion:
The Roman Catholic faith is the most practiced religion in Birch Narrows with small minority practicing traditional forms of spirituality.
Organization:
Birch Narrows Dene Nation are governed by a Chief and four Councilors who are mandated by a custom electoral system under Section 10 of the Indian Act (1876). They are affiliated to the MLTC Program Services INC.
Economy:
The community of Birch Narrows gains much of their revenue through tourism. The band owns and operates a successful fly-in fishing camp for tourists and hunters.
The Birch Narrows Dene Nation as with almost all other reserves in Canada receives a transfer payment from the Federal Government. In the case of Birch Narrows, The payment is made to the MLTC Program Services INC and then distributed to the Birch Narrows Band Office. In 2004, Birch Narrows received $3,345,728.00 from the Federal Government in transfer payments.[18]
Buffalo River (Dillon)
History:
(see Birch Narrows history) It is thought the Buffalo River Dene moved from the far north in order to be closer to the fur trading Post at Fort Churchill in the early 1700s.[19] Peter Pond, Thomas Frobisher, and Alexander Mackenzie and Sir John Franklin are some of the well-known explorers known to pass through Buffalo Narrows in the 1700 and 1800s.
Location:
The Denesuliné of the Buffalo River Dene Nation are located on the banks of the Buffalo River between Dillon Lake and Peter Pond Lake in northern Saskatchewan. Their adhesion to Treaty 10 allotted a land base that comprises of 8,259 hectares.
Population:
In 2005 there were 1097 members registered with the Buffalo River Dene Nation. Approximately half of the population resides off reserve.
Language:
The Denesuliné language in the community of Buffalo Rivers is nearly extinct and is considered 'a language in crisis.'
Education:
The school board has introduced the Denesuliné language in their school curriculum in the hopes of increasing the number of Denesuliné speakers in the community.
Religion:
The majority of members of Buffalo River Dene Nation practice the Catholic faith with a small number practicing Protestant. There are few who follow traditional forms of spirituality.
Organization:
Buffalo River Dene are governed by an elected Chief and 5 Councilors. They are affiliated to MLTC Program Services INC.
Economy:
The average income in the community of Buffalo River is $30,837. Many of the employment opportunities arise from the Band Office, labour force, manufacturing and construction industries, wholesale and retail trade, Health and education, and sales and service occupations.
English River (Patuanak/La Plonge)
History:
The English River Denesuliné were previously known as the Grassy Narrow Dene or the 'Polar House People.' There are seven bands of First Nation who belong to the English River First Nation; La Plonge near Beauval (9487.2 h), Wapachewunak near Patuanak (1967 h), Ile A La Crosse (6 h), Elak Dase (1390.5 h), Knee Lake (487.2 h), Dipper Rapids (831.3 h), and Primeau Lake (1690 h). These predominantly Denesuliné First Nation communities are located in the far northwest region of Saskatchewan. Together these seven reserves cover an area of approximately 12,492 hectares.
La Plonge near Beauval
Wapachewunak near Patuanak
Knee Lake
Dipper Rapids
Patuanak was once the location of the Hudson's Bay Company store as it was central to Denesuliné from all over who traded furs.
Location:
Members of English River Denesuliné Nation reside in and near Patuanak, Saskatchewan, which is located west of the Shagwanew Rapids on the Churchill River. The community is situated 50 km from the nearest service center in Meadow Lake and 350 km from Prince Albert.
Population:
There was a total of 1283 registered through the English River Band in 2005. Approximately half of the population lives off reserve.
Wapachewunak reserve has has a population of 434 and La Plonge has a population of 120 of which both these numbers are included in the total census for English River.
Language:
Denesuliné is the first language spoken in English River with English being a second language.
Education:
The first public school in Patuanak was built in 1968. This is the time frame when Denesuliné families began moving from the bush to be closer to the school. Before the school was built the children were sent to the residential schools at Beauval and Ile a la Crosse.
Religion:
Most members of the English River Denesuliné First Nation adhere to the Roman Catholic faith with a small number adhering to Protestant. The first Roman Catholic Church was built in Patuanak in 1916 by Father Louis Moraud who operated it until his death in 1965 built.
Organization:
English River has a Chief and six Councilors to oversee the daily governance of the people. Chief and Council is mandated by Section 10 of the Indian Act (1876). They are affiliated with MLTC Program Services INC.
Chief William Apisis, Chief of the original Grassy Narrow Dene (English River First Nation) signed Treaty Ten in 1906 on behalf of his people. Apparently, "Apisis requested that arrears in annuity payment be provided for all treaty Natives, extending back to the time the first treaties were signed (presumably referring to Treaty One)."[20] There is no mention in Treaty Ten documents to show that Treaty members were retroactively paid.
Economy:
The economy in English River is self-sufficient with many members employed at the Band Office, the Health Center, Education, Broadcasting (local radio station), and in the service industry.
English River owns and operates 'New North,' ' Tron Power,' and 'the Cree Lake Fishing Camp.'
The average income for English River is $30,639.00 per annum. [Source]
Denesuliné in Wollaston Lake
History:
Aerial view of Wollaston Lake
Hatchet Lake was allotted 11, 020 hectares of land through an adhesion to Treaty Ten in 1907.
"In 1796 David Thompson of the HBC surveyed the route from Reindeer Lake through Wollaston Lake, to Black Lake and Lake Athabasca. Here, he discovered a stake set up by Turnor in 1791." [21]
Location:
The Hatchet Lake Denesuliné Nation is located near Wollaston Lake, Reindeer Lake, and Seal River near the Manitoba border. This group of Denesuliné followed the Kaminuriak caribou herds in search of food.
There is no year round road access into Hatchet Lake. There is however, an ice road built across Wollaston Lake to Hatchet Lake in the wintertime and a barge in the summertime. There is a proposal put through in March 2005 to the Federal and Provincial Governments to build a year round road into Hatchet Lake.
There is an airstrip in Wollaston Lake that is easily accessible to Hatchet Lake First Nation but the cost of transportation is very high.
The nearest city center is approximately 480 km away in Prince Albert.
Population:
In 1974, there were 347 residents in Wollaston Lake of which 282 were of Denesuliné descent.[22]
In 2005 the population has increased to 1333 citizens enrolled with the Hatchet Lake Denesuliné Nation. Of the all Denesuline communities they have the highest concentration (1000) of their members residing on reserve.
Language:
The main language spoken in Hatchet Lake is Denesuliné with English as a second language. The school in Hatchet Lake employs a full-time language teacher. Children as well as adults speak Denesuliné on a daily basis.
Education:
Hatchet Lake has an elementary school, the Father Megret Elementary School, which goes up to grade eight and a high school, also named after Father Megret that goes from grades eight to twelve.
Teaching the Denesuliné language to students of all ages is part of the school curriculum.
Religion:
The religious affiliation in Hatchet Lake is a combination of the Roman Catholic and Protestant faith with a minority practicing traditional forms of spirituality.
Organization
Hatchet Lake Denesuliné Nation has a Chief and five Councilors who are elected through band election. They are mandated through Section 11 of the Indian Act (1876). They are affiliated with MLTC Program Services INC.
Economy:
Wollaston Co-op fisheries, plant and boats. 6/71
The economy in Hatchet Lake is steadily improving. Due to its remote location and inaccessibility to the community, the cost of living and transportation is very high.
They have recently built new houses and completed upgrades to other houses.
"The Hatchet Lake Development Corporation has also entered into an agreement with the Saskatchewan Department of Highways to do maintenance work for the airport, local roads, and operation of the barge."[23]
They have constructed a Day Care that accommodates 30 children up to the age of five.
Hatchet Lake Denesuliné Nation received $9,629,827 in Government transfer payments in 2004.[24]
Treaty Initiatives
Black Lake, Fond du Lac, and Hatchet Lake First Nations submitted a Specific Claim to the Office of the Treaty Commissioner in 1993 over a reneged fiduciary duty of treaty rights. This claim is known as the Athabasca Denesuliné Inquiry and includes First Nations from Treaty 8 and 10. The Government maintains that "the Denesuliné surrendered all their rights and interests in lands north of the 60th parallel when they signed adhesions to Treaties 8 and 10 in 1899 and 1907" while the Denesuliné "maintain they continue to have treaty rights to hunt, fish, and trap throughout all their traditional territories, which includes lands in the Northwest Territories, above the 60th parallel."[25] Based on the Government's argument and stance on the original treaty negotiation, the Black Lake Denesuliné and Fond du Lac claim was unsuccessful.
Members affiliated to MLTC Program Services INC. put forth a claim to the Canadian Government for Self-Government. In 2001 they reached a Comprehensive Agreement-in-Principle. Each group will draft their own Constitution that will result in the ability for the different First Nations to create policy to manage their daily affairs. This claim is ongoing.
Endnotes
[18] Lorne Horning, Charted Accountant. Birch Narrows Dene Nation Auditor's Report and Schedule of Federal Funding, May 2004:3. <Birch Narrows First Nation20032004.pdf >
[19] A History of Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan <http://www.jkcc.com/evje/history.html>
[20] Kenneth S. Coates. Negotiating the Treaty. Treaty Research Report Treaty No. 10 (1906) Treaties and Historical Research Centre Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1986.
[20a] Editor's note: The information about the source of Wollaston Lake's name - that it was likely named for a township in Hastings County, Ontario - is incorrect. Based on research by Bill Barry, the name honours "George Hyde Wollaston, a member of the governor's committee of the Hudson's Bay Co. at the time the lake was visited and named by Peter Fidler in 1807" (People Places: Contemporary Saskatchewan Place Names, 2003)
[21] David Meyer. Human History in Far Northern Saskatchewan.<http://www.lights.com/waterways/arch/archlist.htm>
[22] Community Profile of Wollaston Lake, Sask. R.M. Bone fonds - MG 240 Box 5 I. Northern Sask. Housing Needs Survey. A. General files. Wollaston Lake. Community data - 1971-1975. University of Saskatchewan.
[23] The Hatchet Lake Denesuliné Nation: Community and Economic Development. <http://www.sicc.sk.ca/bands/bhatch.html>
[24] Wilfred Lentz, Chartered Accountant. Hatchet Lake Denesuliné Nation. Schedule of Government Funding, March 2004. <Hatchet Lake20032004.pdf>
[25] Athabasca Denesuliné Inquiry Into the Claim of the Fond du Lac, Black Lake, and Hatchet Lake First Nation. Indian Claims Commission <http://www.indianclaims.ca/english/pub/proceedings.html>
Denendeh Chiefs at an Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories national assembly, circa 1970
Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories
It was in the summer of 1969 when the federal government presented its “White Paper” to parliament. The policy proposed to dissolve the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and shift the responsibility to the provinces and two territories —in effect, wiping out the government’s constitutional duty to Canada’s First Nations; the paper was an insult.
On October 3, 1969 sixteen chiefs came together to form the Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories. Its first president was Morris Lafferty of Fort Simpson with Mona Jacobs of Fort Smith, NT succeeding him. Her role as interim president of the organization was to work under the mandate of protecting the rights and interests of the Dene under treaty.
When the Indian Brotherhood was formed, the most pressing issue was the building of a proposed pipeline through the Mackenzie Valley to carry natural gas to southern Canadian and U.S. markets. The Dene agreed, at the time, to delay any decision by the federal government on the project by demanding that Dene rights be recognized through a negotiated settlement of land claims. The Dene questioned who had the right to make decisions concerning industrial development of the resources on Dene land, particularly when it comes to having major impact of land and environment.
In 1970, after serving four months as president, Ms. Jacobs was replaced by Roy Daniels of Behchoko. In 1971, James Wah-shee also of Behchoko became the third president.
1972, without consultation with the band councils, the federal government planned a complete removal of DIAND from the north. As part of the plan, the federal department was negotiating with the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) for the transfer of program responsibility for the treaty Indians. By 1973, the Chiefs in Denendeh made a major breakthrough when DIAND established an office in Yellowknife, it meant recognition of band councils and treaty rights.
The IB-NWT staff, fieldworkers and researchers had a strong dedication for their work. They learned on-the-job to meet the needs of the communities. Individuals from communities were trained by the organization and they went on to train others in community development, land claims research and communications initiatives – demonstrating that the Dene could do the work for their own people.
The Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories and the Metis Association of the NWT worked together to develop a single land claim on behalf of all the Dene and Metis in the Mackenzie Valley.
On July 19, 1975 in Fort Simpson, NT more than 300 delegates from all Denendeh communities gathered to approve a statement called “The Dene Declaration”. The delegates at this Second General Assembly represented the Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories and the Metis Association of the Northwest Territories.
An agreement on the name of the organization “Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories” was formally changed during the 8th Dene National Assembly held in Fort Norman, NT, August 14-20, 1978, to the “Dene Nation”.
In July 1976, the Dene made public the Dene Declaration and Manifesto, calling for the recognition of a separate nation of Dene within the Mackenzie Valley. The Dene claim called for the establishment of a separate Dene-contolled government for all Dene. Later in 1976, the Metis Association stated that it could not support this goal on philosophical grounds and announced it wished to develop its own claim. The federal government provided funding to enable the Metis to do so because it was considered essential that their aspirations be know before negotiations began. This was done on the understanding that there would still be only one final settlement for native claims in the Mackenzie Valley.
AN HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
1763
The Royal Proclamation was issued by the King of England. This forbade the encroachment of white settlers on Indian lands; recognized the existence of aboriginal rights.
ID #23005
Credit: National Archives of Canada, C-140172
Credit: National Archives of Canada, C-140172
1781-1784
Smallpox epidemic decimated the Chipewyan population.
Smallpox epidemic decimated the Chipewyan population.
1850
Indians are defined for the first time in colonial legislation.
Indians are defined for the first time in colonial legislation.
1859
Epidemic of an undiscovered nature killed 400 people at Fort Rae.
Epidemic of an undiscovered nature killed 400 people at Fort Rae.
1865
Over 1000 Dene died of “Influenza” in the area from Fort Simpson to Peel River. 94 of a population of 600 south of the Great Slave Lake died of “Influenza”.
Over 1000 Dene died of “Influenza” in the area from Fort Simpson to Peel River. 94 of a population of 600 south of the Great Slave Lake died of “Influenza”.
1867
Canadian Confederation. The British North America Act (Canada’s Constitution as issued by Britain) assigned legislative jurisdiction over “Indian and lands reserved for Indians” to the federal government of Canada.
Canadian Confederation. The British North America Act (Canada’s Constitution as issued by Britain) assigned legislative jurisdiction over “Indian and lands reserved for Indians” to the federal government of Canada.
The Fathers of Confederation. Signing of the British North America Act was on July 1, 1867.
1869
The Enfranchisement Act was passed to lure First Nations citizens into giving up their special status and to give them Canadian-style property rights, thus encouraging their integration into the New Canada.
The Enfranchisement Act was passed to lure First Nations citizens into giving up their special status and to give them Canadian-style property rights, thus encouraging their integration into the New Canada.
Credit: Public Archives of Canada
1870
Rupert’s Land is transferred to Canada by order of the Queen. The Hudson’s Bay Company transferred its monopoly rights to this land for 30,000 pounds. By this date, nine trading posts have been established in the Mackenzie District.
Rupert’s Land is transferred to Canada by order of the Queen. The Hudson’s Bay Company transferred its monopoly rights to this land for 30,000 pounds. By this date, nine trading posts have been established in the Mackenzie District.
1874
Indians are registered, in anticipation of the Indian Act.
Indians are registered, in anticipation of the Indian Act.
1875
The Northwest Territories Act is established.
The Northwest Territories Act is established.
1876
The first Indian Act was passed whereby its provisions generate an administrative separations of First Nation peoples.
The first Indian Act was passed whereby its provisions generate an administrative separations of First Nation peoples.
1880
The British government hands over all the Arctic Islands to the Canadian government.
The British government hands over all the Arctic Islands to the Canadian government.
1896
The first Act for the preservation of game in the Northwest Territories is put into force.
The first Act for the preservation of game in the Northwest Territories is put into force.
1897
Gold is discovered on the upper Yukon River.
Gold is discovered on the upper Yukon River.
1898
Mineral claims staked at Pine Point NWT.
Mineral claims staked at Pine Point NWT.
1899
Treaty Eight is entered into by some representation of the Dene Nation south of Great Slave Lake and the Crown in Right of Canada.
Treaty Eight is entered into by some representation of the Dene Nation south of Great Slave Lake and the Crown in Right of Canada.
Dene arriving on the southeast shore of Fort Resolution in birchbark canoes (circa 1900).
1900
An adhesion to Treaty Eight is entered into by representative the Dene Nation North and South of Great Slave Lake.
An adhesion to Treaty Eight is entered into by representative the Dene Nation North and South of Great Slave Lake.
Steel traps began to replace the dead fall trap.
1901
137 non-Dene lived in the Mackenzie District.
137 non-Dene lived in the Mackenzie District.
1902
Measles epidemic killed 60 people in Fort Rae, 66 in Fort Resolution.
Measles epidemic killed 60 people in Fort Rae, 66 in Fort Resolution.
1905
Alberta and Saskatchewan are created as provinces out of the old Northwest Territories. The NWT is divided into four districts: Ungava, Franklin, Keewatin, and Mackenzie.
Alberta and Saskatchewan are created as provinces out of the old Northwest Territories. The NWT is divided into four districts: Ungava, Franklin, Keewatin, and Mackenzie.
1911
519 non-Dene living in the Mackenzie District. In 10 years the non-Dene populations quadrupled.
519 non-Dene living in the Mackenzie District. In 10 years the non-Dene populations quadrupled.
1912
60th Parallel was defined as the southern boundary of the NWT.
60th Parallel was defined as the southern boundary of the NWT.
Red-Brown crude oil was brought to Edmonton from Norman Wells.
1914
Dr. Bosworth staked three oil leases at Norman Wells.
Dr. Bosworth staked three oil leases at Norman Wells.
“The Unexploited West”, government promotional publication was released.
Cash replaced “Made Beaver” as medium of exchange.
Dene at trading post with fur trader inspecting the fur of fox.
1916
Migratory Birds Convention Act: This Act is an “Inter-State” agreement between the United States and Canada. The agreement ignores aboriginal hunting rights as guaranteed by treaty #8; is never referred to in 1921 by Commissioner Conroy in his address to the Dene concerning treaty #11.
Migratory Birds Convention Act: This Act is an “Inter-State” agreement between the United States and Canada. The agreement ignores aboriginal hunting rights as guaranteed by treaty #8; is never referred to in 1921 by Commissioner Conroy in his address to the Dene concerning treaty #11.
1917
The Migratory Birds Convention Act becomes law.
The Migratory Birds Convention Act becomes law.
The NWT Game Act is introduced.
1918
Imperial Oil acquired leases from Dr. Bosworth and drilled for oil at Normal Wells.
Imperial Oil acquired leases from Dr. Bosworth and drilled for oil at Normal Wells.
1920
The Dene under treaty #8 refused to accept treaty payment to demonstrate opposition to the Game Regulations imposed on them in violation of Aboriginal and Treaty rights.
The Dene under treaty #8 refused to accept treaty payment to demonstrate opposition to the Game Regulations imposed on them in violation of Aboriginal and Treaty rights.
R.M. Kitto was commissioned by the Dept. of the Interior to investigate the natural resources and economic development of the Mackenzie district.
15 Dene starved to death at Fond du Lac, SK.
Oil was officially discovered at Norman Wells, NT.
1921
Treaty #11 is entered into by the Crown in Right of Canada with the Dene north of Great Slave Lake. (There is evidence that some of the signatures on the treaty may have been forgeries).
Treaty #11 is entered into by the Crown in Right of Canada with the Dene north of Great Slave Lake. (There is evidence that some of the signatures on the treaty may have been forgeries).
Issuance of five dollars to each treaty recipient
1921 (continued)
Sixteen Man Territorial administration established at Fort Smith NWT.
Sixteen Man Territorial administration established at Fort Smith NWT.
Six councillors were appointed to the NWT Council for the first time.
One hundred and forty non-Dene trappers are licensed in the NWT.
1922
The Indian Act is changed to include the administration of the Inuit (Eskimo).
The Indian Act is changed to include the administration of the Inuit (Eskimo).
Intoxicants imported into the NWT totaled 272 and-a-half gallons.
1924
RCMP report from Fort Rae referred to the Dene and Inuit (Indians and Eskimo are the words used) as two nations. (It wasn’t until the 1940’s that the federal government decided to refer to the Aboriginal Nations as tribes and bands. A band of people is defined as a league of robbers, etc. in the English language).
RCMP report from Fort Rae referred to the Dene and Inuit (Indians and Eskimo are the words used) as two nations. (It wasn’t until the 1940’s that the federal government decided to refer to the Aboriginal Nations as tribes and bands. A band of people is defined as a league of robbers, etc. in the English language).
1925
The Indian Agent entered his report to Ottawa: “The Indians request a copy of the Treaty — again!”
The Indian Agent entered his report to Ottawa: “The Indians request a copy of the Treaty — again!”
1927
The production of raw fur in the NWT reached nearly $3,000,000, the highest ever until then.
The production of raw fur in the NWT reached nearly $3,000,000, the highest ever until then.
1928
Influenza epidemic sweeps through the Mackenzie District, killing about 600 Dene. Approximately 10 to 15% of the population of each village.
Influenza epidemic sweeps through the Mackenzie District, killing about 600 Dene. Approximately 10 to 15% of the population of each village.
Beaver trapping was closed for a total of five consecutive years.
1930
A total of 551 non-Dene were licensed to trap and hunt in the Mackenzie district.
A total of 551 non-Dene were licensed to trap and hunt in the Mackenzie district.
Uranium was discovered on Great Bear Lake.
1931
Pitchblende discovered at Port Radium by Gilbert Labine.
Pitchblende discovered at Port Radium by Gilbert Labine.
Gilbert Labine
1932
Port Radium Mines opened.
Port Radium Mines opened.
1933
Gold is discovered at Yellowknife.
Gold is discovered at Yellowknife.
Only Dene people reside in the Yellowknife area.
1934
Gold Rush to Yellowknife.
Gold Rush to Yellowknife.
Port Radium Mine activities slowed down.
1936
Indian Affairs became a branch of the Department of Mines and Resources.
Indian Affairs became a branch of the Department of Mines and Resources.
1937
The Fort Resolution Dene boycott Treaty Eight again because of government encroachment of Dene Rights and lands. Chiefs of Taltson River, Little Buffalo River, Lutsel K’e, Hay River and Yellowknife supported the Fort Resolution stand.
The Fort Resolution Dene boycott Treaty Eight again because of government encroachment of Dene Rights and lands. Chiefs of Taltson River, Little Buffalo River, Lutsel K’e, Hay River and Yellowknife supported the Fort Resolution stand.
Dene at Dettah refused treaty payment in protest of Treaty and Aboriginal Rights being infringed on by Game Laws; demanding a meeting with the Governor General of Canada.
Indian Agent Dr. Amyot requested RCMP Inspector Schmidt of Calgary to settle dispute over this treaty.
Most non-Dene trappers have become prospectors and miners.
1938
Indian Agent’s report: “Among the more vital questions were the following: ‘Section 31 of the NWT Game Ordinance’ – The year before last, the Chiefs claim, the Indians were not subject to restrictions under subsections f,g,h,i,…They claim that when they are hungry and have nothing to eat they can not wait for an animal named under “F”…” to come along.”
Indian Agent’s report: “Among the more vital questions were the following: ‘Section 31 of the NWT Game Ordinance’ – The year before last, the Chiefs claim, the Indians were not subject to restrictions under subsections f,g,h,i,…They claim that when they are hungry and have nothing to eat they can not wait for an animal named under “F”…” to come along.”
1939
RCMP Sergeant sent in to meet with Chiefs over Treaty Boycott.
RCMP Sergeant sent in to meet with Chiefs over Treaty Boycott.
1941
Con Hydro began.
Con Hydro began.
1943
Main Airport in Fort Simpson built by the United States Army.
Main Airport in Fort Simpson built by the United States Army.
1944
Fort Resolution and Hay River Dene protest the imposed Game Laws and restrictions on their lands.
Fort Resolution and Hay River Dene protest the imposed Game Laws and restrictions on their lands.
Chief Susie Abel traveled from Yellowknife to Fort Rae to meet with the Chief and Council over Treaty #11.
Second Boom for Giant Gold Mine in Yellowknife.
1945
Fort Rae Dene protested the Game Law and restrictions.
Fort Rae Dene protested the Game Law and restrictions.
1946
Giant Mines started new hydro dam on Snare River 90 miles west of Yellowknife.
Giant Mines started new hydro dam on Snare River 90 miles west of Yellowknife.
Vestige remains of the former Giant Mine sits on a gravel pad near Yellowknife.
1947
All Dene Bands in the NWT lodge complaints against the Game Law.
All Dene Bands in the NWT lodge complaints against the Game Law.
Government took over construction of the Snare River Hydro Dam.
1948
Laws over game transferred to Territorial Administration.
Laws over game transferred to Territorial Administration.
1949
Chief Lamalice of Hay River protested, to the Governor General of Canada, the game laws and restrictions imposed on hunting. The Fort Rae Dene Band refuses to obey the Game Ordinance. Sub-Chief Louis Norwegian of Jean Marie River protested restrictions placed by the government on his people’s right to obtain meat.
Chief Lamalice of Hay River protested, to the Governor General of Canada, the game laws and restrictions imposed on hunting. The Fort Rae Dene Band refuses to obey the Game Ordinance. Sub-Chief Louis Norwegian of Jean Marie River protested restrictions placed by the government on his people’s right to obtain meat.
1952
Oil and Gas Exploration begins in Fort Simpson region.
Oil and Gas Exploration begins in Fort Simpson region.
1957
The Dene Chiefs meeting in Fort Smith, resolve that any Treaty Indian be allowed to hunt all year long for any game necessary for his livelihood.
The Dene Chiefs meeting in Fort Smith, resolve that any Treaty Indian be allowed to hunt all year long for any game necessary for his livelihood.
1958
James Gladstone or Akay-Na-Muka’s the first Aboriginal person to be appointed to the Senate.
James Gladstone or Akay-Na-Muka’s the first Aboriginal person to be appointed to the Senate.
James Gladstone was the first Status Indian
to be appointed to the Canadian Senate.
Gladstone was a Cree by birth but was
adopted by the Blood Reserve on which he
was born; the Blood belonged to the
Blackfoot nation. Portrait taken on the
occasion of his appointment as senator
(courtesy Glenbow/NA-1524-1).
to be appointed to the Canadian Senate.
Gladstone was a Cree by birth but was
adopted by the Blood Reserve on which he
was born; the Blood belonged to the
Blackfoot nation. Portrait taken on the
occasion of his appointment as senator
(courtesy Glenbow/NA-1524-1).
1959
The “Nelson Commission” is appointed to investigate the unfulfilled provisions of Treaties #8 and #11 as they apply to the Dene of the Mackenzie Valley.
The “Nelson Commission” is appointed to investigate the unfulfilled provisions of Treaties #8 and #11 as they apply to the Dene of the Mackenzie Valley.
1960
Treaty Indians are allowed to vote and to consume alcohol in Canada.
Treaty Indians are allowed to vote and to consume alcohol in Canada.
Status Indians become Canadian citizens (the franchise). Canadian Bill of Rights forbids any kind of discrimination.
Federal Universal Indian Suffrage granted to Indians (voting).
1964
Michael Sikyea of Yellowknife is arrested by the RCMP for shooting a duck “out of season”. The Supreme Court finds that the government of Canada has breached Treaty #11, but to its regret, upholds the government’s authority to do so. Section 35(1) of the Constitution Act 1982 prevents the government from doing this in future and may render invalid the part of the Act under which Mr. Sikyea was convicted.
Michael Sikyea of Yellowknife is arrested by the RCMP for shooting a duck “out of season”. The Supreme Court finds that the government of Canada has breached Treaty #11, but to its regret, upholds the government’s authority to do so. Section 35(1) of the Constitution Act 1982 prevents the government from doing this in future and may render invalid the part of the Act under which Mr. Sikyea was convicted.
1965
Dene moved from old Fort Wrigley to Wrigley at the instigation of the government.
Dene moved from old Fort Wrigley to Wrigley at the instigation of the government.
1967
Eighty dog teams (each pulled by an average of seven dogs), arrived in Fort Franklin from Fort Rae, Rae Lakes, Snare Lakes and Lac La Martre, with approximately 200 Dene to discuss Treaty 11; to plan what to do to protect the land for the future generation. Minimum average distance each traveled was 600 miles.
Eighty dog teams (each pulled by an average of seven dogs), arrived in Fort Franklin from Fort Rae, Rae Lakes, Snare Lakes and Lac La Martre, with approximately 200 Dene to discuss Treaty 11; to plan what to do to protect the land for the future generation. Minimum average distance each traveled was 600 miles.
Businessmen and non-Dene transients win their struggle for a liquor store in Fort Simpson.
1968
Rae Band temporarily refused Treaty payment over land issue and Treaty.
Rae Band temporarily refused Treaty payment over land issue and Treaty.
Ed Bird of the Thebatcha Association of Fort Smith presented a brief regarding compensation to the Dene for loss of land and for the role of the Dene in future, to a meeting on the revision of the Indian Act in Yellowknife.
Ed Bird became the Vice President of the
Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories,
circa 1971
Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories,
circa 1971
The Status and Treaty Aboriginal groups formed the National Indian Brotherhood (NIB), while the Non-Status and Metis groups (the Metis also eventually formed the Metis Council) remained united and formed the Native Council of Canada (NCC), which now is known as the Congress of Aboriginal People.
1969
Territorial Administration begins pushing Local Government.
Territorial Administration begins pushing Local Government.
Construction of the Townsite of Edzo (began), as conceived by government bureaucrats.
The government of Canada presents the “White Paper”, which proposes to change the relationship between the government and Indian people, essentially, a design to transfer responsibility for Indian Affairs to provincial government by creating municipalities, etc. This would abolish the constitutional responsibilities of the government to the Indians, and is contrary to British Common Law.
1970
The Indian Brotherhood of the NWT was incorporated to protect the rights and interests of the Dene under Treaty.
The Indian Brotherhood of the NWT was incorporated to protect the rights and interests of the Dene under Treaty.
1971
Chief Ed Bird of Fort Smith, Vice-President of the Indian Brotherhood (now Dene Nation), was shot and severely wounded by a constable of the RCMP. He later died in hospital in Edmonton from gunshot wounds.
Chief Ed Bird of Fort Smith, Vice-President of the Indian Brotherhood (now Dene Nation), was shot and severely wounded by a constable of the RCMP. He later died in hospital in Edmonton from gunshot wounds.
Government presence first established in Rae Lakes.
Chiefs of the Dene, in Council at Fort Rae, charged the federal government with betraying its Treaties and unconstitutionally, illegally and immorally transferring the responsibilities of Treaty obligations to the Territorial Administration.
Chief Jimmy Bruneau School in Edzo was opened under the control of the Dene through their own school board.
1972
The Metis and Non-Status Native Association of the NWT is incorporated. (The name is later changed to Metis Association of the NWT and then to Metis Nation, NWT).
The Metis and Non-Status Native Association of the NWT is incorporated. (The name is later changed to Metis Association of the NWT and then to Metis Nation, NWT).
The Dept. of Indian Affairs announced its intention to bring about a settlement of Treaties #8 and #11 which apply to Indian lands in Northern Canada. “Indians” in question, the Dene, were offered the opportunity to select their own reserves.
1973
A caveat (a declaration of prior interest in the land) to 450,000 square miles of traditional land is filed in the Supreme Court of the NWT by the Dene, illustrating their Aboriginal title. The federal government agrees to negotiate Aboriginal Rights and provides funds for research.
A caveat (a declaration of prior interest in the land) to 450,000 square miles of traditional land is filed in the Supreme Court of the NWT by the Dene, illustrating their Aboriginal title. The federal government agrees to negotiate Aboriginal Rights and provides funds for research.
The Indian Brotherhood and the Metis Association of the NWT announce that they will seek a single Aboriginal Rights settlement on behalf of all descend-ants of the Dene.
Meeting between the Minister of Indian Affairs, Jean Chretien, and the Executive of the Indian Brotherhood of the NWT, to bring to bear the reality that the Indian Brotherhood represents the Chiefs and Band Councils on a Territorial level. Prior to this meeting, Indian Affairs treated the Brotherhood as a society of interest and refused to allocate funds for legitimate programs.
The position of the government of Canada on Aboriginal Rights must change to come into line with the decision of six of the seven justices affirming Aboriginal Rights in the Nishga Land Case.
1975
Mr. Justice Thomas Berger opens the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry to examine the terms and conditions concerning construction of a pipeline in the Mackenzie Valley.
Mr. Justice Thomas Berger opens the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry to examine the terms and conditions concerning construction of a pipeline in the Mackenzie Valley.
Justice Thomas Berger
The Dene Declaration is unanimously passed by a Joint General Assembly in Fort Simpson.
Dene drummers from Fort Rae traveled down the Mackenzie River, which is called Deh Cho in the Dene language, in three canoes, to all the Dene communities, holding drum dances and visiting in the homes.
Project North, a coalition of the five major Christian churches in Canada, is formed to support the struggle of Northern Canadian Native people.
“As Long As This Land Shall Last”, by Rene Fumoleau, is published; “This Land Is Not For Sale” is published by Hugh and Karmel McCullum.
Rene Fumoleau in Dettah, December 2010
James Wah-Shee, President of the Indian Brotherhood of the NWT, addressed the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada in Quebec City. The Synod passed a resolution in support of the Indian Brotherhood.
The Caveat decision of Justice Morrow was appealed by the Federal Government. The Supreme Court of Alberta, the court of appeal for cases heard by the Supreme Court of the NWT, reversed the decision of Mr. Justice Morrow, which ruled in favor of the Dene claim to the land.
Hospital closed at Fort Rae and a cottage hospital opened at Edzo against the wishes of the people.
1976
Freeze on the development of Rae was lifted. Government had tried without success to have the people moved from Rae to Edzo.
Freeze on the development of Rae was lifted. Government had tried without success to have the people moved from Rae to Edzo.
The Dene launched a quiet campaign to enlist the petroleum industry to help convince Ottawa of the need to begin negotiating a settlement with the Dene immediately.
Thirty-five delegates of the Dene Nation presented The Agreement in Principle Between The Dene Nation and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada to Warren Allmand, then Minister of Indian Affairs, in Ottawa.
Cabinet authorizes Dome Petroleum to begin open water drilling on the Beaufort Sea. Sixty-eight permits, covering 12 million acres, are granted.
The Indian Brotherhood at its General Assembly in Fort Simpson, passes a resolution to admit Non-Status Dene into membership.
A confidential letter from Commissioner Hodgson of the NWT stated that government employees have no business helping Northern Natives deal with the problem of the proposed Mackenzie Valley pipeline, or any other resource development.
A Counter-Conference on Northern Development was held in Edmonton, to protest the proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline. One thousand people participated in this alternative conference to the government-and-industry-sponsored Northern Development conference.
Dene Nation representatives and the Dene from Fort Resolution met with the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs, Warren Allmand, and officials of Shell Oil over Shell Oil’s application for a land use permit to conduct exploration for minerals in the Little Buffalo River area. The Little Buffalo River area is approximately twenty miles from Fort Resolution and provides one of the main areas for meat to the Dene of that community. Dene Nation President Georges Erasmus made it clear that violence would be considered, if necessary, to stop Shell Oil. Dene women from Fort Resolution promised to set up their tents around any caterpillars Shell Oil might move into their area. Shell Oil didn’t enter the area. The Dene demanded that Shell Oil not destroy the country there with cut lines and exploration activities. Dene demands were respected by the government for the 1976/1977 winter season.
The Supreme Court of Canada ruled on the appeal by the Dene Chiefs in their application to file Caveat on the Dene traditional territory. The ruling was based on the Land Titles Act (a federal government statute, the federal government also being the defendant in the Case) which states that a caveat cannot be filed on “public land for which no title has been issued.” The Supreme Court rejected the Dene Nation’s appeal to restore the original judgement of Mr. Justice William Morrow, which ruled in favor of the Dene Chiefs, but restricted filing of the Caveat until after all appeals to the case were decided. The Supreme Court failed to relate its judgments in this case to aboriginal rights, or to recognize the inter-national history between the Dene and Canada.
The NWT Council asked NWT Commissioner Hodgson to resign from the Board of Directors of Panarctic Oils Ltd.
1977
The appointment of Justice Thomas Berger to head the inquiry into the proposed Mackenzie Valley pipeline.
The appointment of Justice Thomas Berger to head the inquiry into the proposed Mackenzie Valley pipeline.
In a successful attempt to take over control of the financial and daily administration of their sawmill, away from the Territorial Administration, and to set up meaningful community control, the Dene of Fort Resolution cut water sewer and fuel services to the houses of Territorial civil servants in Fort Resolution. Within a few days, the Commissioner of the NWT gave in and the Fort Resolution Dene won their case.
NWT Indian Brotherhood opened a Southern Support office in Ottawa.
Georges Erasmus, Dene Nation President, made a presentation to the Environmental Committee to the President of the United States of America, which was holding hearings on the Canadian pipeline route through the Yukon. The presentation stated that Aboriginal rights have to be recognized and a minimum of ten years to implement an agreement is needed before major development begins.
The Supreme Court of Canada denies the Dene the right to file a “caveat” over Dene land but does not challenge the existence of their Aboriginal Rights as defined by Mr. Justice Morrow in 1973.
Warren Allmand, Minister of Indian Affairs, agreed to the Dene position for settlement based on the Metro Model passed at the Fort Fitzgerald Assembly in June 1977 stating:”It’s fully in the tradition of Canada.”
The Berger Report on the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry is published. It recommends postponing the pipeline for 10 years.
The National Energy Board rejects the Mackenzie Valley pipeline route and recommends building the Alaska Highway natural gas pipeline through the Yukon and B.C. It is approved by the Canadian government in August.
Dogrib Dene in Rae, Lac La Martre and Rae Lakes refuse treaty annuity unless the government recognizes that the Dene did not “cede and surrender” their land through Treaty #11.
Large rally picketed the ESSO building in Montreal to protest the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline. Picketers walked in silence at the request of the Dene.
Meeting with Hugh Faulkner, Minister of Indian Affairs with representatives of the Dene Nation. The meeting was to try and re-establish a negotiating process. Faulkner demanded that the Dene negotiate with the bureaucrats of the Office of Native Claims (ONC). This process proved ineffective and was abandoned by the Dene two years earlier. The Dene refused. Faulkner threatened a moratorium on loans to cover negotiation costs if the Dene continue to “boycott”, in Faulkner’s words, “the process of negotiating through the O.N.C.”
Georges Erasmus, President of the Dene Nation, stated the Dene Nation’s position the National Energy Board in Ottawa in a nine hour sitting before the Board.
Office of the Indian Brotherhood of the NWT in Yellowknife was broken into and confidential documents were stolen.
1978
Herb A. Norwegian and Robert (Bob) Overvold began a six week tour of Germany and Denmark on speaking engagements to raise support for the Dene Nation. This tour resulted in an agreement to support from, and coalition with, anti-nuclear groups.
Herb A. Norwegian and Robert (Bob) Overvold began a six week tour of Germany and Denmark on speaking engagements to raise support for the Dene Nation. This tour resulted in an agreement to support from, and coalition with, anti-nuclear groups.
Dene Nation research staff’s work and political pressure from the Dene resulted in blocking the Department of National Defense’s bid to use 2,4,5-t defoliant on the channel maker sites on the Mackenzie River. The use was blocked for one year till the government could evaluate the potential harm this chemical will have on the environment. 2,4,5-t is the defoliant the American Armed Forces used in their war against Vietnam. It’s use is banned in the U.S.A. Some estimates, based on scientific tests, estimate plant growth, in areas where 2,4,5-t is used, to be retarded for up to 25 years.
A federal government land claims proposal, entitled “Dene and Metis Claims in the Mackenzie Valley”, is rejected by both the Dene and Metis. Federal funding for negotiations is suspended for both groups until a single claim is produced.
Dene Leadership meeting in Lac La Martre to strategies on approaches to unity among all the descendants of the Dene, specifically to bring the members of the Metis Association and the Dene Nation together under one organization. 450 Dene attended. Over 300 attended at their expense, having to charter planes or travel by boat to arrive.
The name “National Indian Brotherhood of the NWT” is formally changed to “Dene Nation” at the Dene National Assembly and the constitution is amended to open full membership “to all those who have formally declared themselves under the Dene registry”.
Contrary to the Indian Act, the Aklavik Dene Band opens full membership to all descendants of the Dene.
The Dene successfully oppose a Canadian Coast Guard plan to use defoliants along the Deh Cho River.
The Dene at Rae, Rae Lakes, Lac La Martre, Fort Good Hope, Colville Lake and Fort Franklin refuse the annual Treaty annuity offered by the Department of Indian Affairs in protest of the clause which claims their people ceded the land to the Crown.
The last meeting between the negotiators for the Dene Nation and the Office of Native Claims (ONC).The paternalistic and ambiguous attitudes of the ONC representatives made it clear to the Dene that there was no point in continuing so-called negotiations with bureaucrats.
Workshop in Victoria organized by Project North to study Aboriginal rights as defined by the Dene, Yukon Natives and Inuit. Speaking engagements to raise support for the rights of the Dene were held in Kelowna, Vancouver, Victoria, Kamloops; with radio television and newspapers interviews throughout.
The Trudeau government announced that the Constitution would be returned to Canada and that a made-in-Canada Constitution would be developed, including a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. (In 1982 provisions on Aboriginal rights were proclaimed, and were developed without the involvement of the First Nations).
1979
The Metis Association announces that the Dene Nation will be respon-sible for negotiating Aboriginal Rights for both the Dene and the Metis.
The Metis Association announces that the Dene Nation will be respon-sible for negotiating Aboriginal Rights for both the Dene and the Metis.
The film “Dene Nation” produced by the Dene and directed by Rene Fumoleau is released.
“We Remember”, by Raymond Yakeleya, the first film directed by a Dene is released. It wins the “Best Documentary” award at the American Indian Film Festival in 1980.
James Ross publishes “Dinjii Zhun Dene Games”, a booklet introducing seven traditional Dene games.
Mr. Justice Patrick Mahoney rules that the Baker Lake area is subject to the Aboriginal Rights of the Inuit living there, thereby establishing Aboriginal Rights in the Canadian legal system for the first time.
Fort Good Hope replaces its Band and Settlement Councils with a unified Dene Council. Aklavik takes similar action in 1980, and more communities follow.
First Nations citizens arrive in London, England in an attempt to halt the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution.
1980
John Munro, Minister of Indian Affairs agreed to reinstate funding to develop a land settlement position for Dene and Metis of the Mackenzie Valley.
John Munro, Minister of Indian Affairs agreed to reinstate funding to develop a land settlement position for Dene and Metis of the Mackenzie Valley.
Esso Resources Canada and Interprovincial Pipeline Ltd. apply to the federal government for permission to expand the oil field at Norman Wells and to build an 866-km pipeline through Denendeh to Zama, Alberta.
Fort Resolution residents oppose Shell’s plan to do seismic work in the Little Buffalo River area which they use for hunting and trapping.
Thirty Dene travel to Ottawa to lobby against the Norman Wells Project.
The Dene Nation Newsletter (later known as the Native Communications Society of the Western NWT) begins publication out of the Denendeh National Office.
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the NWT recommend that the NWT be divided, subject to a plebiscite.
The International “Russell Tribunal on the Rights of the Indians of the North and Latin America” finds Canada guilty of crimes against its Indian peoples under international law.
1981
The Federal Cabinet approves the Norman Wells pipeline project with a two-year delay.
The Federal Cabinet approves the Norman Wells pipeline project with a two-year delay.
The Dene Nation and Metis Association release a discussion paper entitled “Public Government for the People of the North”.
Almost half of the Dene Bands boycott the Treaty ceremonies.
The Dene oppose an Alberta government plan to divert the waters of the Peace, Athabasca and Slave Rivers to flow south rather than north into the NWT.
The United Nations Human Rights Committee find Canada and the Indian Act in violation of International law (Lovelace case).
1982
The plebiscite on division indicates that the people of the NWT want the NWT divided into two political jurisdictions, one in the east and one in the west.
The plebiscite on division indicates that the people of the NWT want the NWT divided into two political jurisdictions, one in the east and one in the west.
The Western Constitutional Forum and the Nunavut Constitutional Forum are established to come to clear positions on boundaries between east and west, and constitutional development.
The Denendeh Development Corporation is incorporated in Ottawa, and then in the NWT in 1983.
1983
The Dene play a major role at the First Ministers Conference in Ottawa, established to define Aboriginal Rights in Canada.
The Dene play a major role at the First Ministers Conference in Ottawa, established to define Aboriginal Rights in Canada.
The Dene Nation, Metis Association and Esso Resources form Shehtah Drilling to take part in the Norman Wells expansion project.
Georges Erasmus becomes Vice-Chief, Northern Region for the Assembly of First Nations.
1984
Despite the continued opposition of the Dene and many other Canadians, the first Cruise missile test takes place along the Deh Cho Valley.
Despite the continued opposition of the Dene and many other Canadians, the first Cruise missile test takes place along the Deh Cho Valley.
The Assembly of First Nations decides that women and men of Aboriginal descent should be treated equally under the Indian Act and Canadian Constitution.
The Inuvialuit of the Mackenzie Delta reach a final agreement with the government of Canada.
The Liard Highway connecting the Alaska Highway and the Mackenzie Highway is opened.
Indigenous Survival International is formed to overcome the threat imposed by the anti-harvest movement.
Pope John Paul II’s visit to Fort Simpson to meet with Native people from across Canada had to be canceled due to poor weather conditions.
Dene Chiefs reaffirm Denendeh as the name for the Western NWT and call for more community discussion of the Denendeh government proposal.
1985
The Denendeh Development Corporation (DDC) opens its own office in Yellowknife.
The Denendeh Development Corporation (DDC) opens its own office in Yellowknife.
The Chiefs of Denendeh boycott the official opening ceremonies of the Norman Wells Project. Instead, they meet in Fort Simpson to repeat their concerns about the project.
Bill C-31 is now law so that women who lost their status and their Band membership through marriage to a non-native can now have their status and Band membership restored.
Georges Erasmus is elected National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations at the AFN’s Third Annual Assembly in Vancouver.
Harry Allen, a former Chairman of the Council of Yukon Indians, is appointed by the Yukon and NWT Chiefs to serve as Northern Vice-Chief of the Assembly of First Nations.
1986
The federal government refuses to sign a formal agreement outlining benefits for northerners on the construction of the north Warning System.
The federal government refuses to sign a formal agreement outlining benefits for northerners on the construction of the north Warning System.
A U.S. cruise missile test ends with its crash on to the Beaufort Sea ice north of Herschel Island.
The Dene Nation organizes the Dene Cultural Institute.
Twenty-one staff members are laid off at Dene Nation because of federal funding cutbacks, including all community development field workers and the staff of the Communications and Interpreter departments, Lands and Resources department and Community Development Program.
The Dene Nation releases “Dene Gondie”, a precedent-setting study on the socio-economic effects of the Norman Wells oil field expansion and pipeline project on the Dene residents and communities of the Macken-zie Valley.
1987
Dene Nation President Stephen Kakfwi, with the support of the Metis Association, demands a full public review on planned United States low-level military training flights in the NWT.
Dene Nation President Stephen Kakfwi, with the support of the Metis Association, demands a full public review on planned United States low-level military training flights in the NWT.
A task force is created to prepare for the visit of His Holiness Pope John Paul II to Fort Simpson. Later in the year, the date is set: Septem-ber 20. The visit takes place in perfect weather and is a spiritual highlight for Dene and Metis people of the North.
The Bessie Silcox Scholarships were first awarded to Dene and Metis students.
The Dene Nation demands public hearings through the Environmental Assessment and Review Process on the low-level military bomber flights in the East Arm of Great Slave Lake.
1988
In February, the Assembly of First Nations hosts the Aboriginal Language Policy Conference in Ottawa, to develop a national strategy to Save native languages for future generations.
In February, the Assembly of First Nations hosts the Aboriginal Language Policy Conference in Ottawa, to develop a national strategy to Save native languages for future generations.
The federal government appeals an NWT Supreme Court decision which gave former government leader Nick Sibbeston the right to challenge the constitutionality of the Meech Lake Accord. The NWT Court of Appeal rejects Sibbeston’s challenge.
Federal and Dene/Metis negotiators reach an Agreement-In-Principle on land claims. The proposed AIP is discussed at the Dene National Assembly July 4-11 on the Hay River Dene Reserve and the Metis Association Assembly July 6-8 in Hay River. After concessions are made by the federal government, Dene/Metis leaders agree to sign the AIP in Rae in September.
In November, Ethel Blondin is elected Member of Parliament for the Western Arctic, becoming the first Native woman to be elected to the House of Commons.
1989
The Dogrib Division Board of Education is proclaimed in May at a feast in Rae Lakes. The six-member board controls funding for schools in the five Dogrib communities. The Dogrib Tribal Council asked for the board in 1984.
The Dogrib Division Board of Education is proclaimed in May at a feast in Rae Lakes. The six-member board controls funding for schools in the five Dogrib communities. The Dogrib Tribal Council asked for the board in 1984.
The Denendeh Land Use Planning Commission is appointed in June by the federal and territorial governments with the Dene/Metis naming Jonas Neyelle, Jim Villeneuve, Joe Migwi, and Jim Schaefer. The commission plans how land and water will be used in the Dene/Metis settlement areas.
Neptune Resources and the Dogrib Tribal Council sign a deal guarante-eing Dogrib participation in the mine. It is the first pact of its kind between a mining firm and an NWT Dene community.
Low-level flights are approved by the federal government over the objections of the Lutsel K’e Band, South Slave regional council, Dene Nation, and other groups.
Dan Norris, a Metis from Inuvik is appointed as the Commissioner of the NWT, in September.
The GNWT establishes an Aboriginal Rights court program to provide financial assistance to the Dene Nation for court challenges to the low-level flights over the South Slave region.
1990
The Vital Abel Boarding Home opens in Ndilo (Rainbow Valley) for the Dene/Metis of the Western Arctic.
The Vital Abel Boarding Home opens in Ndilo (Rainbow Valley) for the Dene/Metis of the Western Arctic.
The federal government cuts funding of the Native Communications Society and Native Press.
Dene languages become official languages of the NWT.
“When the World Was New: Stories of the Sahtu Dene”, a book by Elder George Blondin, is published.
The Dene/Metis leadership and federal representatives initial the comprehensive land claims agreement on April 9, 1990.
The Supreme Court of Canada says unextinguished Aboriginal Rights are protected from unjustifiable federal laws and regulations.
The Supreme Court of Canada rules that government cannot wipe out or reduce Aboriginal Rights without the consent of the Native people involved.
Native leaders across Canada support Manitoba MLA Elijah Harper’s successful attempts to stall debate on the Meech Lake Accord in provincial legislature and thus effectively kill the Accord.
Native leaders across Canada support Manitoba MLA Elijah Harper’s successful attempts to stall debate on the Meech Lake Accord in provincial legislature and thus effectively kill the Accord.
The Dene National Assembly supports the Kahnesatake Mohawk of Oka in their struggle to retain their traditional territory.
At the Joint Dene/Metis Assembly, the Mackenzie Delta delegates vote against a resolution to have Aboriginal and Treaty Rights affirmed in the land claims agreement, Sahtu delegates abstained on the motion. After the vote the Delta delegates left the Assembly.
The Delta Region seeks its own regional land claim.
On November 7, the Dene are informed that the federal government will no longer negotiate with them as a nation of people, and funding is promptly cut, retroactive to October 1.
1991
The Dene Nation is granted intervener status at the Supreme Court of Canada on the appeal of the Oldman River Dam case.
The land freeze in the North Slave region is lifted.
The Dene Nation is granted intervener status at the Supreme Court of Canada on the appeal of the Oldman River Dam case.
The land freeze in the North Slave region is lifted.
Former NWT Commissioner John Parker is appointed as an advisor to resolve a land claims boundary dispute between the TFN (Tungavik Federation of Nunavut) and the Dene Nation.
In July, Denendeh National Office moves location from Northway Building to the Discovery Inn.
$22,500 garnisheed from Fort Smith Band account and released to the town of Fort Smith for tax purposes.
Dene Nation again proposes–as in December and January–that the substantial differences between the Dene Nation and the Government of Canada on the issue of extinguishment be submitted for “arbitration” by the NWT Minister for Justice in the form of a reference to the Supreme Court of the NWT.
The August 1991 Dene National Assembly (Bell Rock) changes structure of Dene National Executive to include five Regional Vice-Chiefs.
The Canadian Human Rights Commission publicly reaffirms support for the Dene by calling on the federal government to change its comprehensive claims policy on extinguishment of Aboriginal Rights.
1992
Territorial-wide plebiscite on division held in April, with a slim majority voting “yes”. Break down of the votes shows a majority in the west were opposed.
Chiefs Leadership Meeting in Fort Simpson, June, voted to reject the federal government’s offer to re-open comprehensive land claims negotiations on condition the Dene give up their veto on provincehood status for NWT.
Dene National Assembly, Wrigley, in July, unanimously voted to accept Tadoule Lake Dene as part of the membership of the Dene Nation.
The Liberal Party Leader Jean Chretien rejects the federal government’s “Extinguishment Clause” requirement necessary for Aboriginal Land Claims, and announces his parties intention to abolish this requirement.
In December, an agreement was signed between the federal government and GNWT to begin passage of Bill C-103, transferring land titles authority to the GNWT without Dene consent.
Territorial-wide plebiscite on division held in April, with a slim majority voting “yes”. Break down of the votes shows a majority in the west were opposed.
Chiefs Leadership Meeting in Fort Simpson, June, voted to reject the federal government’s offer to re-open comprehensive land claims negotiations on condition the Dene give up their veto on provincehood status for NWT.
Dene National Assembly, Wrigley, in July, unanimously voted to accept Tadoule Lake Dene as part of the membership of the Dene Nation.
The Liberal Party Leader Jean Chretien rejects the federal government’s “Extinguishment Clause” requirement necessary for Aboriginal Land Claims, and announces his parties intention to abolish this requirement.
In December, an agreement was signed between the federal government and GNWT to begin passage of Bill C-103, transferring land titles authority to the GNWT without Dene consent.
1993
In January 1993 a Dene Nation Review Committee was established to determine the future of the Dene Nation. The committee traveled to many of the communities in Denendeh to discuss a new direction for the Dene Nation and to make recommendations for amendments to the Dene Nation Constitution & By-Laws. Their final report was tabled during the 23rd Dene National Assembly.
In July the GNWT Payroll Tax is imposed on the Dene. The Dene National Office and many Bands and Tribal Councils refuse to register and pay the controversial tax.
Sub-Bands of Kakisa Lake, Colville Lake and West Channel become full Band status.
On August 13th, during the first Annual Deh Cho Assembly in Kakisa Lake, the Deh Cho Declaration was adopted.
In August, during the 23rd Dene National Assembly at Fort Norman, the Gwich’in, Sahtu and Dogrib regions withdraw their membership in the Dene Nation. A motion later of that same meeting indicated that the membership of the Dene Nation was always open to those individuals and communities who wish to remain with the organization
A Group of Treaty #11 Dene from the Sahtu community of Fort Norman, sign a petition opposing the Sahtu Claim and announcing their support for the Dene Nation. The petition is presented to the Minister of Indian Affairs, Pauline Browes.
The Ingraham Trail Development Areas Firearm Regulations (No Shooting Corridor) is approved in October, by the government of the NWT without the consent of the Yellowknives Dene.
In January 1993 a Dene Nation Review Committee was established to determine the future of the Dene Nation. The committee traveled to many of the communities in Denendeh to discuss a new direction for the Dene Nation and to make recommendations for amendments to the Dene Nation Constitution & By-Laws. Their final report was tabled during the 23rd Dene National Assembly.
In July the GNWT Payroll Tax is imposed on the Dene. The Dene National Office and many Bands and Tribal Councils refuse to register and pay the controversial tax.
Sub-Bands of Kakisa Lake, Colville Lake and West Channel become full Band status.
On August 13th, during the first Annual Deh Cho Assembly in Kakisa Lake, the Deh Cho Declaration was adopted.
In August, during the 23rd Dene National Assembly at Fort Norman, the Gwich’in, Sahtu and Dogrib regions withdraw their membership in the Dene Nation. A motion later of that same meeting indicated that the membership of the Dene Nation was always open to those individuals and communities who wish to remain with the organization
A Group of Treaty #11 Dene from the Sahtu community of Fort Norman, sign a petition opposing the Sahtu Claim and announcing their support for the Dene Nation. The petition is presented to the Minister of Indian Affairs, Pauline Browes.
The Ingraham Trail Development Areas Firearm Regulations (No Shooting Corridor) is approved in October, by the government of the NWT without the consent of the Yellowknives Dene.
1994
In January, Chiefs of the Deh Cho and Treaty #11 regions withdraw their participation and support for the GNWT Constitutional Development Steering Committee (CDSC) which was established to create a constitution for a new western territory.
In March, the Deh Cho Chiefs meet with the Minister of Indian Affairs for the first time in four years. At that meeting they present their Self-Government Paper.
The Begade Shotagotine inform DIAND Regional Director General of the formation of their new Band. The Begade Shotagotine are former beneficiaries of the Sahtu Claim.
July 25 – 29, 1994 the 24th Dene National Assembly was held in Lutsel K’e. At this meeting the Deh Cho Grand Chief Gerald Antoine presented to the Dene Nation, the first payment towards their portion of an accumulated deficit to July 1993 of approximately $394,000.00. Each region had been invoiced in the amount of $68,504.00.
August, Queen Elizabeth II visits the NWT. During a presentation with the Queen, Dene Chiefs remind Her Majesty of their “Peace and Friendship Treaties” with the Crown and advise her of the inadequate treatment of First Nations in Canada by the government of Canada.
October, Bill Erasmus, Dene National Chief along with other Treaty #8 representatives met with federal Justice Minister Allan Rock. The meeting was to discuss Justice Issues, primarily the infringement on Treaty and Aboriginal Rights and proposed legislation on Gun Control (Bill C-68).
November, Charges were laid against Archie Sangris and Elder Benoit Noel for unlawful hunting in a “No Shooting Corridor” along the Ingraham Trail. The Ingraham Trail is one of the many traditional hunting and trapping areas for the Yellowknives Dene.
In January, Chiefs of the Deh Cho and Treaty #11 regions withdraw their participation and support for the GNWT Constitutional Development Steering Committee (CDSC) which was established to create a constitution for a new western territory.
In March, the Deh Cho Chiefs meet with the Minister of Indian Affairs for the first time in four years. At that meeting they present their Self-Government Paper.
The Begade Shotagotine inform DIAND Regional Director General of the formation of their new Band. The Begade Shotagotine are former beneficiaries of the Sahtu Claim.
July 25 – 29, 1994 the 24th Dene National Assembly was held in Lutsel K’e. At this meeting the Deh Cho Grand Chief Gerald Antoine presented to the Dene Nation, the first payment towards their portion of an accumulated deficit to July 1993 of approximately $394,000.00. Each region had been invoiced in the amount of $68,504.00.
August, Queen Elizabeth II visits the NWT. During a presentation with the Queen, Dene Chiefs remind Her Majesty of their “Peace and Friendship Treaties” with the Crown and advise her of the inadequate treatment of First Nations in Canada by the government of Canada.
October, Bill Erasmus, Dene National Chief along with other Treaty #8 representatives met with federal Justice Minister Allan Rock. The meeting was to discuss Justice Issues, primarily the infringement on Treaty and Aboriginal Rights and proposed legislation on Gun Control (Bill C-68).
November, Charges were laid against Archie Sangris and Elder Benoit Noel for unlawful hunting in a “No Shooting Corridor” along the Ingraham Trail. The Ingraham Trail is one of the many traditional hunting and trapping areas for the Yellowknives Dene.
1995
January, Dene Leaders are the first group in all of Canada to meet with Justice Hamilton while on his fact finding tour. The Minister of DIAND, Ron Irwin appointed Justice Hamilton as a fact finder for Alternatives to Extinguishment pursuant with the liberal governments “Red Book” commitments.
January, the Dene Nation hosts the first Aboriginal Summit in Yellowknife to bring together all Aboriginal Representatives across the Western NWT to discuss a possible common front on the Constitutional Development Conference held in Yellowknife. Treaty #8 Chiefs announce their intention to observe the conference and not act as full participants. Deh Cho Chiefs agree that they will participate to inform and educate others on the Deh Cho territory and the Deh Cho proposal.
The Dene Nation is served with a summons to appear in Justice of the Peace Court to face charges of failing to respond to a request to register under the Payroll Tax Act.
February 23, 1995 marks the 25th anniversary of the date of incorporation of the Indian Brotherhood of the NWT. The organization is now known as the Dene Nation.
Dene Nation participated in the Environmental Review Process for BHP.
Native organizations received less than 50% of the Intervener Funding from BHP, Dene Nation received no monies.
February/March, Papua New Guinea delegates Alex Maun, clan leader and his lawyer Nick Styant-Brown were brought to Yellowknife for the BHP Public Hearings to comment on BHP’s mining in their home states. “We want to make sure that what BHP did to us in Papua New Guinea, does not happen to the Dene” says Alex Maun.
March, Dene Environmental Gathering delegates agreed that Dene Science and Western Science methods must be incorporated together.
25th Dene National Assembly held in Deh Gah Got’ie (Ft. Providence). At this meeting the Yellowknives Dene present a cheque for $ 5 000.00, to begin paying for their portion of the accumulated deficit to July 1993.
September, First Nation’s rallied during Calgary Stampede grounds against cuts to First Nations Health Benefits.
Community of Lutsel K’e had the grand opening of the ZA’H Lockhart Memorial hall.
Harvesters lobby in Brussels to inform European Officials on First Nations in Canada and the effect of a fur ban.
January, Dene Leaders are the first group in all of Canada to meet with Justice Hamilton while on his fact finding tour. The Minister of DIAND, Ron Irwin appointed Justice Hamilton as a fact finder for Alternatives to Extinguishment pursuant with the liberal governments “Red Book” commitments.
January, the Dene Nation hosts the first Aboriginal Summit in Yellowknife to bring together all Aboriginal Representatives across the Western NWT to discuss a possible common front on the Constitutional Development Conference held in Yellowknife. Treaty #8 Chiefs announce their intention to observe the conference and not act as full participants. Deh Cho Chiefs agree that they will participate to inform and educate others on the Deh Cho territory and the Deh Cho proposal.
The Dene Nation is served with a summons to appear in Justice of the Peace Court to face charges of failing to respond to a request to register under the Payroll Tax Act.
February 23, 1995 marks the 25th anniversary of the date of incorporation of the Indian Brotherhood of the NWT. The organization is now known as the Dene Nation.
Dene Nation participated in the Environmental Review Process for BHP.
Native organizations received less than 50% of the Intervener Funding from BHP, Dene Nation received no monies.
February/March, Papua New Guinea delegates Alex Maun, clan leader and his lawyer Nick Styant-Brown were brought to Yellowknife for the BHP Public Hearings to comment on BHP’s mining in their home states. “We want to make sure that what BHP did to us in Papua New Guinea, does not happen to the Dene” says Alex Maun.
March, Dene Environmental Gathering delegates agreed that Dene Science and Western Science methods must be incorporated together.
25th Dene National Assembly held in Deh Gah Got’ie (Ft. Providence). At this meeting the Yellowknives Dene present a cheque for $ 5 000.00, to begin paying for their portion of the accumulated deficit to July 1993.
September, First Nation’s rallied during Calgary Stampede grounds against cuts to First Nations Health Benefits.
Community of Lutsel K’e had the grand opening of the ZA’H Lockhart Memorial hall.
Harvesters lobby in Brussels to inform European Officials on First Nations in Canada and the effect of a fur ban.
1996
March, Dene Nation facilitated a meeting of First Nations Peoples not recently represented on the Arctic Council. This will allow us to have a voice in international activities.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples report released. This was a major research project which lasted five years and cost the federal government $5 million dollars.
March, Dene Nation facilitated a meeting of First Nations Peoples not recently represented on the Arctic Council. This will allow us to have a voice in international activities.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples report released. This was a major research project which lasted five years and cost the federal government $5 million dollars.
1997
NWT Dene Chiefs Gathering in Yellowknife. Reuniting to begin discussing common issues.
NWT Dene Chiefs Gathering in Yellowknife. Reuniting to begin discussing common issues.
April 17 – a “National Day of Action” is held across Canada, to lobby the federal government on not responding to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Final Report. In Yellowknife, Dene Leaders attend press conferences and participated in events to promote awareness.
August – During the Deh Cho Fifth Annual Assembly delegates resolved to implement a Moratorium over mining, oil and gas, forestry and other resource development. Companies operating within traditional lands of Deh Cho First Nations and are expected to acquire a First Nations resolution prior to land use or water use licence permitting.
NWT Treaty #8 Tribal Council renamed Akaitcho Territory Tribal Council at their Annual Assembly in Dettah.
December, First Nations across Canada celebrated the Supreme Court ruling in favor of First Nations rights the landmark decision Delgamuukw v. British Columbia. The Delgamuukw Supreme Court judgement offers an unprecedented opportunity for First Nations. For the first time, at a truly national and constitutional level, there has been an explicit recognition of the reality of Aboriginal title existing within the Canadian legal system.
NWT Treaty #8 Tribal Council renamed Akaitcho Territory Tribal Council at their Annual Assembly in Dettah.
December, First Nations across Canada celebrated the Supreme Court ruling in favor of First Nations rights the landmark decision Delgamuukw v. British Columbia. The Delgamuukw Supreme Court judgement offers an unprecedented opportunity for First Nations. For the first time, at a truly national and constitutional level, there has been an explicit recognition of the reality of Aboriginal title existing within the Canadian legal system.
1998
January – Jane Stewart, Minister of Indian Affairs issues a formal apology to First Nation Residential School Survivors and announces a $350 Million Healing Fund to begin the process of healing for those First Nation survivors.
January – Jane Stewart, Minister of Indian Affairs issues a formal apology to First Nation Residential School Survivors and announces a $350 Million Healing Fund to begin the process of healing for those First Nation survivors.
The minister of DIAND also releases “An Agenda for Action” and “Gathering Strength” documents. The two documents are the federal government’s response to recommendations made in the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Report of 1996.
February, the leaders of Akaitcho Territory decided to join Deh Cho’s declaration that there will be a moratorium on any new development in their territory.
Deh Cho Leaders Meet with Miguel Alfonso Martinez, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Indigenous Treaties, at the Hay River Dene Reserve. Dene made presentations on the treaty making process in Denendeh.
The Dene Nation Supports the Inclusion of Treaties #8 and #11 In the United Nations Report on Indigenous Treaties. A three day Treaty Rights meeting concluded on February 11, 1998 at the Hay River Dene Reserve. Dr. Miguel Alfonso-Martinez was present to hear first hand the oral understanding of Treaties #8 and #11 from elders, community members and leaders of Akaitcho and Deh Cho Territories.
April, Dene Nation questions Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). National Chief Bill Erasmus stated “We are concerned that the MAI may affect our existing Treaty & Aboriginal Rights. We are calling on Canada to make clear to us the intent of the MAI and the participation of Canada in this agreement. We want the public to be informed and to participate in this process.” Erasmus further stated “The Dene are at various tables negotiating their future relationship with Canada, including the economic independence of their communities, and want to be assured that the MAI will not adversely affect the outcome of their discussions”.
September, the Dene Nation hosts the third annual Elder/Scientist Retreat at the Blachford Lake Lodge. The focus of this years gathering focused on the participation of Dene Youth.
October, the First Assembly of First Nations National Treaty Conference is held in Yellowknife, NT at the Explorer Hotel. Representatives from Across Canada met to discuss common Treaty issues and to review the recently released Draft Report of Dr. Miguel Alfonso Martinez, United Nations Special Rapporteur on International Treaties.
November, Dene Leaders met in Yellowknife in an Economic Gathering hosted by the Denendeh Development Corporation.
1999
February, The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) and Canada host an AFN/Canada Joint Think Tank on Partnership. Top federal bureaucratic representatives and the AFN Executive sit together for the two day workshop where solutions to the trust relationship between First Nations and Canada are discussed. The “Gathering Strength” and “Agenda for Action” initiatives are further addressed.
February, The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) and Canada host an AFN/Canada Joint Think Tank on Partnership. Top federal bureaucratic representatives and the AFN Executive sit together for the two day workshop where solutions to the trust relationship between First Nations and Canada are discussed. The “Gathering Strength” and “Agenda for Action” initiatives are further addressed.
Harvesters from across Denendeh gather in Hay River to meet with Fur Institute of Canada on the Implementation of International Humane Trapping Standards. Dene National Chief Bill Erasmus sent a letter to the delegates in attendance to suggest a Denendeh Harvesters Committee be established. Some of the many recommendations from that meeting included; a) Trappers should tour the auction houses, then they can see what it is that the buyers want and how they want the furs. b) Northern fur should be separated from the fur from the south. Market it as a special collection of NWT fur. c) Try to get trapping recognized as a trade so that if someone is injured or there was a death then there would be some compensation. d) Pursue compensation packages to cover land loss due to environmental alterations.
March, In Yellowknife some non-Dene called the “Friends of Democracy” organized themselves to get more representation in the NWT Legislature. They claimed that they are under-represented. This challenge of the Government of the Northwest Territories was brought before the NWT Supreme Court.
The court ruled in favour of the “Friends of Democracy”. The judge ruled that they should have more representation in the legislature based on population. The major problem the Dene find with the decision is that it strongly reflects individual rights (section 3) in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and not collective rights (section 25 & 35). When the Canadian Constitution Act 1982 was designed, the two sections were meant to be read together to complement each other rather than have individual rights of Canadians override First Nation citizens and governments.
The court ruled in favour of the “Friends of Democracy”. The judge ruled that they should have more representation in the legislature based on population. The major problem the Dene find with the decision is that it strongly reflects individual rights (section 3) in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and not collective rights (section 25 & 35). When the Canadian Constitution Act 1982 was designed, the two sections were meant to be read together to complement each other rather than have individual rights of Canadians override First Nation citizens and governments.
Dene Leaders gather at the Yellowknife Ski-Club. During this meeting, all of the Chiefs of Denendeh agree to work together towards a government to government to government arrangement between First Nations, federal and territorial levels of governments.
April, A new Territory is created in Canada. The Inuit of the Eastern Northwest Territories achieve the government of Nunavut.
The Supreme Court of Canada, in R. v. Gladue, sent a loud message to the lower courts not to rely so heavily on jail terms when dealing with aboriginal offenders. It says judges must respect a new section of the Criminal Code that requires more emphasis on alternatives, such as community healing and victim/offender reconciliation, which are a traditional part of aboriginal culture. Finally it appears this court is acknowledging what the Dene have always known to be important in the healing nature of traditional ways.
Dene Nation is pleased with the Court’s recent decision to drop all hunting charges involving Denesuline First Nation members residing south of the 60th parallel. The Denesuline from Saskatchewan were charged with federal and territorial wildlife offences stemming from a traditional hunt North of 60, in 1998. Lawyers for the Denesuline First Nation members had indicated to the court that their defence would involve Treaty and Aboriginal rights.
May, Dene Leadership Meeting is held at the Explorer Hotel. The GNWT Minister of Finance and Premier of the NWT, along with other Ministers and government representatives from both the GNWT and the Department of Indian Affairs & Northern Development Canada provide Chiefs with detailed financial information on the existing bureaucracies. The exercise was as a result of the recent commitment to enter a discussion on an Intergovernmental Relationship between the government of Canada, the administration of the GNWT and First Nation governing bodies.
May/June, The Dene Nation assists in raising funds and coordinating the inaugural meeting for the “Aboriginal Sport Circle”. The first Board of Directors is elected and the Aboriginal Sport Circle begins functioning as an independent body.
July, During the annual general AFN assembly, a declaration of kinship and cooperation is signed, bringing both the National Congress of North American Indians and the Assembly of First Nations together. This agreement reunites all First Nations across the continent commonly referred to as North America. The full text is as follows:
“Declaration of Kinship and Cooperation among the Indigenous Peoples and Nations of North America through the Assembly of First Nations and the National Congress of American Indians. We, the people knowing that the Creator placed us here on Mother Earth as sovereign nations and seeking to live in peace, freedom and prosperity with all humanity in accordance with our own traditional laws are united in our sacred relationship with the land, air, water and resources of our ancestral territories. We are bound by common origin and history, aspiration and experience, and we are brothers and sisters, leaders and warriors of our nations.
We, the Assembly of First Nations and the National Congress of American Indians meeting in joint assembly as the largest convocation of indigenous leadership in North America in the 20th century, make the following declaration:
From time immemorial, the lands that are now known as Canada and the United States of America have been and continue to be the sacred home of Indigenous Peoples and Nations;
While our Indigenous Peoples and Nations have distinct identities, cultures, languages and traditions, we have also been guided by many common purposes and beliefs, which have been shaped by many common experiences;
We have all retained the inherent right to self-determination. In shaping our own destinies we will remain faithful to the time honored traditions of our ancestors and we will work to secure the greatest possible freedom, dignity and prosperity for our descendents;
We have all known ourselves as people who live in harmony with our environment and cherish and protect our traditional homelands;
We have all shared a belief that individuals and peoples must address each other in a spirit of respect and tolerance;
We have all experienced outside encroachment upon our traditional homelands and we have striven to co-exist with other peoples and cultures in peace.
Others’ hands have drawn boundaries between the Canada and the United States. These arbitrary lines have not severed, and never will, the ties of kinship among our peoples.
We are hereby resolved to affirm and to strengthen those bonds of mutual respect, cooperation and affection. As friends and allies, we Indigenous Peoples and Nations will go forward with greater strength and wisdom as we interact with other governments in our region, our hemisphere and our world.
Here in the sacred lands of the Coast Salish People , in the summer of 1999, the Assembly of First Nations and the National Congress of American Indians meet in joint assembly. In spirit, it has been not a first encounter, but a reunion. We affirm that the Assembly of First Nations and the National Congress of American Indians each derive their authority from their constituent nations and shall continue to represent them in a constitutional and democratic manner. We authorize our national organizations, to inform, assist and support each other in the areas of common concern, including:
Achieving the full recognition, protection and implementation of the existing legal and political rights of our constituent nations, including those founded in our own national laws, the laws of Canada and the United States, and in the laws of the wider international community;
Achieving the full recognition, protection and implementation of the existing legal and political rights of our constituent nations, including those founded in our own national laws, the laws of Canada and the United States, and in the laws of the wider international community;
Ensuring that as laws and institutions further develop in various domestic and international forums and councils, the voices of our nations are included and respected;
Promoting the practice and preservation of our spiritual and cultural expressions;
Supporting the education of our citizens in our life ways and in the common knowledge of humankind;
Raising our children in the loving traditions of our peoples and protecting their primal connections with their families, communities and nations;
Advancing the economic and social well being of the citizens of all our nations, whether or not they live within their traditional homelands, while preserving our traditions of sharing and social justice;
Advancing the economic and social well being of the citizens of all our nations, whether or not they live within their traditional homelands, while preserving our traditions of sharing and social justice;
Protecting and promoting the right of our citizens to move freely across the border of Canada and the United States while retaining full recognition of their status as members of indigenous nations.
Our national organizations are authorized and encouraged to identify from time to time specific matters on which to focus their collective efforts toward the advancement of this declaration. The means of cooperation shall involve contacts between the national organizations at various levels, including leaders, officials or staff.
Each of our national organizations has the authority to establish and receive diplomatic missions to foster understanding and cooperation. Our national organizations may choose to enter into specific bilateral agreements in accordance with our respective constitutions. The national organizations may also seek to strengthen the relationship among our peoples by facilitating exchanges among the representatives of our constituent peoples, groups and associations, and individual citizens.
We are resolved at this the first ever joint assembly of our national organizations that we shall convene again on many occasions and that the spirit of understanding and fellowship among our peoples that we here experienced shall grow ever stronger as we take our full and rightful place in the community of all nations.
Let it be resolved that member nations from the Assembly of First Nations and the National Congress Of American Indian, having met in joint assembly in Vancouver, British Columbia, affirm the foregoing, in honor of our ancestors and for the sake of future generations, as a declaration of international indigenous understanding, among nations and organizations.
Certification:
On behalf of the Assembly of First Nations and the National Congress of American Indians, in unity, solidarity, mutual respect and friendship, we the undersigned attest that this declaration represents the collective sentiment of those convened in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on Friday, July 23, 1999.
Signed by:
National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations
President of the National Congress of American Indians
Copyright ® Assembly of First Nations
National Indian Brotherhood 2000″
National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations
President of the National Congress of American Indians
Copyright ® Assembly of First Nations
National Indian Brotherhood 2000″
September 2000
Nick Sibbeston is appointed to the Canadian Senate. Mr. Sibbeston is the first descendent of the Dene to be appointed in the Canadian Senate.
Nick Sibbeston is appointed to the Canadian Senate. Mr. Sibbeston is the first descendent of the Dene to be appointed in the Canadian Senate.
1994
The affidavit of Dene National Chief Bill Erasmus regarding the federal court case that sought an order of prohibition against the making of legislative amendments to the Migratory Birds Convention Act regulations was sworn and submitted to the Attorney General of Canada, Department of Justice. The affidavit was allowed to be submitted as evidence.
The affidavit of Dene National Chief Bill Erasmus regarding the federal court case that sought an order of prohibition against the making of legislative amendments to the Migratory Birds Convention Act regulations was sworn and submitted to the Attorney General of Canada, Department of Justice. The affidavit was allowed to be submitted as evidence.
October 1999
The Mill closes at the Giant Mine, shutting down the roaster and ending the production of arsenic trioxide.
The Mill closes at the Giant Mine, shutting down the roaster and ending the production of arsenic trioxide.
The Dene Leadership met in the Explorer Hotel. Internal discussion items led to the decision to revise and draft Constitution & By-Laws Amendments for presentation to the 30th Dene National Assembly.
December 1999. Water Board Hearings are held for the proposed Diavik project, the second potential diamond mine in Canada. The Dene Nation makes a presentation to the NWT Water Board, outlining their concerns and recommendations. The Yellowknives Dene, Lutsel K’e Dene and Dogrib Dene also made presentations at this hearing. Elders and Youth from these communities addressed the concerns around protecting Lac de Gras, the site of the proposed project.
After 51 years and more than 7 million ounces the last brick of gold was poured at the Giant Mine. Later the same month Miramar Con Ltd. purchases the Giant Mine Property.
January 2000
Dene Leaders met in Fort Liard to discuss the potential for a Natural Gas Pipeline through the Mackenzie Valley. Those present agreed to the following:
Dene Leaders met in Fort Liard to discuss the potential for a Natural Gas Pipeline through the Mackenzie Valley. Those present agreed to the following:
January 2006 Stephen Harper is elected Prime Minister of Canada.
We the Aboriginal Peoples of the Northwest Territories agree in principle to build a business partnership to maximize ownership and benefits of a Mackenzie Valley pipeline.
Dene Nation Climate Change Observation Form
Complete this survey to help us record the impacts of climate change on Denendeh
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Welcome to the Official Website of the Dene Nation
Located In Yellowknife
Dene Nation5125 – 50th Street
P.O. Box 2338
Yellowknife, NT
X1A 2P7
Phone: 1-867-873-4081
Toll Free: 1-866-511-4081
Fax: 1-867-920-2254
Web: www.denenation.caFacebook: www.facebook.com/DeneNation
Beaver pelts being traditionally stretched from spring harvest
Gwich’in flute player William Greenland demonstrates the music of two flutes at the annual Dene Nation BBQ held in Samba’Ke (Yellowknife), Denendeh on June 17, 2011.
Elder Mary Wilson of Fort Good Hope, Denendeh, wrote the following excerpt on the nation of Dene:
“In the past, the Dene of the five tribes were scattered because they lived on the land to make their living and some still do. But as time changed so did the lifestyle of the people. They began to feel the pressures from developments surrounding them. So they decided to join and form an organization. That’s how the Dene Nation came to be.
In the year of 1969, the Indian Brotherhood was formed in the Northwest Territories. This is a political organization to represent the Treaty Indians of the five tribes: Dogrib, Chipewyan, Southern Slavey, Northern Slavey and the Loucheux. By researching Treaties #8 and #11 signed by the Federal Government on land claims and protection of Aboriginal rights.
In 1975, they declared themselves to a nation within Canada with the right to self-determination, changing their name from Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories to Dene Nation, as it is called today, to represent all Dene and their descendants of the five tribes. At this time a more comprehensive land claims negotiations team was formed. Today we are still fighting for the rights to our land and resources, as negotiations goes on”.
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