Women Bishops in the Early Catholic Church
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1. Clergy Roles & Functions « The Knights Templar –...
http://www.knightstemplarorder.org/clergy-titles/
o
Cached
The 12th century Ancient Catholic Church properly uses the full Roman Catholic
... All Ancient Catholic Clergy titles also have feminine grammatical forms,
for equal use by women at all levels, ... Monsignore – 3rd Level – (Priest of
God: Hem Neter) – by Elevation. ... Women Clergy & Female Bishops of
Apostolic Succession.
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1. The Neglected History of Women in the Early Church...
www.christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/women-in-the-early-church/
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Cached
One of the best-kept secrets in Christianity is the enormous role that women
played in the ... Celsus, a 2nd-century detractor of the faith, once taunted
that the church ... His contemporary, Bishop Cyprian of Carthage, acknowledged
in his .... According to the 3rd century text of The Acts of Paul, Thecla, a
noblewoman, was ...
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2. Eastern and western Christianity: from the 6th ...
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=emu
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Cached
Greek Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism: 4th - 13th c. ... As early as381
the bishop of Constantinople is given equal status with the bishop of Rome.
Differences ...
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Unveiling Precedent: Reclaiming the Power of Women...
http://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=honors
File format:Adobe PDF
In the second century, women's roles began their steady descent as a few
... The tradition began by Tertullian continued into the third, fourth, and
fifth ... the earliest stages of the church women could exercise authority equal
to that of their .... Epitropus were examples of such early female bishops.23
Not only could women.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: POPE
FRANCIS-Vatican-Fiat Lux lights up St. Peter's Basilica-check the gorgeous
animals on vatican
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DID U KNOW THAT WOMEN WERE A CENTREPIECE OF JESUS AND
HIS TEACHINGS.... Jesus was a feminist
QUOTE:
Gregory of Antioch (d. 593)
(Brock, 15), in Oratio in Mulieres Unguentiferas XI,
PG 88, 1863-64:
"
Portrays Jesus as appearing to Mary Magdalene and the
other
Mary at the tomb and saying to them: 'Be the first
teachers to the teachers. So that
Peter who denied me learns that I can also choose
women as apostles.' "
Within our faith tradition and Sacred Scripture we discover evidence of
a history rich in the call and participation of women in all dimensions of
ministry:
Mary of Magdala, the first witness of the resurrection, was commissioned
by Jesus to be the apostle to the apostles. (John 20:1-18)
•
Pope Hippolytus, who lived from 170 to 236 AD, addressed the role of
women
in early Christianity in which Jesus made a resurrection appearance to
certain women such as Mary Magdalene, and "sends them out on the
apostolic mission as the first gospel messengers." (Brock, pp.
43-49):
"Lest the female apostles doubt the angels, Christ himself came to
them so that the women would be apostles of Christ and by their
obedience
rectify the sin of the ancient Eve . . . Christ showed himself to the
(male) apostles and said to them: . . ..’It is I who appeared to the women and
I who wanted to send them to you as apostles.’ ”
•
Gregory of Antioch (d. 593)
(Brock, 15), in Oratio in Mulieres Unguentiferas XI,
PG 88, 1863-64:
"
Portrays Jesus as appearing to Mary Magdalene and the other
Mary at the tomb and saying to them: 'Be the first teachers to the
teachers. So that
Peter who denied me learns that I can also choose women as apostles.'
"
•
Phoebe, the deacon, was praised by St. Paul for her leadership of the
church
of Cenchreae. (Romans 16:1-2)
•
Mary, the mother of John Mark, led a congregation. (Acts 12:12)
•
In Romans 16:7 St. Paul identifies Junia as a senior in the faith to
himself
and labels Junia and her husband, Andronicus, as “outstanding apostles”.
It
is the only time that Paul refers to anyone other than The Twelve or
himself
as apostles. (St John Chrysostom, 4th century bishop, recognized Junia
as a
member of the apostolic circle. (The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom,
Nicene
and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 1, 11:555 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Company, 1956)
•
The Louvre possesses the mummy tag of an Egyptian woman, Artemidora, a
Christian living between approximately 250 and 350 AD. The tag describes
her as
a “presbyter,” that is, priest. For photo, see Irvin, Calendars.
•
A burial site for Epikto, on a Greek island, Thera, from the third or
fourth
century calls her a "presbytis" which means "priest or
presbyter".
(Eisen, pp. 123-4)
A Brief Overview of Women Priests/Bishops in the
History of the Roman Catholic Church
Bridget Mary Meehan, Olivia Doko, and Victoria Rue
----------
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THE FIRST CHRISTIANS- The Roles for Women
Although later pushed to the side, women in early Christian communities often owned the 'house churches' where congregations gathered to worship.John Carlisle Kilgo Professor of Religion and Director of the Graduate Program in Religion Duke University
What was the status of women in the early church? Were they particularly attracted to it?The status of women in early Christianity has been quite debated in recent decades, no doubt prompted by interest in the women's movement in Western countries today. I think the evidence is somewhat mixed. Certainly there's evidence in the New Testament itself of women doing many things within early Christianity. In Paul's letters he greets women. Calls them co-workers. Refers to one of them [with] a word in Greek that we would translate as "deaconess." Even calls one of the women an Apostle. What exactly these terms meant is a little hard to say given the distance in time, but there's plenty of evidence of women's activity. I think part of the activity in the early period, that is the New Testament period itself, perhaps is related to women's role in the house churches. The earliest Christian communities met in people's houses; they didn't have churches yet for quite some time, and throughout the New Testament, particularly Paul's letters in the Book of Acts, we find out that women owned the houses in which the early Christians met. This I think is significant because I don't think the women who owned the houses were simply providing coffee and cookies, in effect, for the Christian community. I think that this probably gave them some avenue to power... in the church.
What seems to happen within the first few centuries is that whatever limited activities women might have had in the beginning begin to get curtailed as you have the development of a hierarchy of clergy members with bishops, presbyters and deacons, and it's pretty firmly established that women should not be either bishops or priests. Many church fathers write about this. So that women tend to get excluded from those functions, [though] they do have some roles, [such] as joining a group called the widows or deaconesses in the fourth century. We have good evidence of a order of deaconesses, but they are excluded from the priesthood.
THECLA
Thecla is a literary character of probably second century Christianity who comes to be thought of as an actual historical character by the fourth century. Thecla appears in a document called The Acts of Paul and Thecla which is one of the many sets of acts that came to be labeled the apocryphal acts.... Thecla's represented as being an aristocratic young woman who hears the teaching of Paul, and upon hearing the message of Paul, which is construed in this text... as a message of sexual renunciation, she gives up her fiancee and wants to go off and follow Paul on his missionary trips. Her family is very much opposed to this. Her mother goes so far as to try to have her daughter burned at the stake to prevent her from carrying out this wish, but after many lively adventures including baptizing herself in a pool of seals, Thecla does manage to become a missionary and lives to a ripe old age preaching and teaching the gospel. So this is one of several stories in the apocryphal acts where women are represented as giving up riches and particularly marriage and sexual activity for the sake of following the teachings of the Apostles....What in essence is the moral of the Thecla story?
I think the moral of the Thecla story is that young women would be better off not marrying in the first place, but if they are already married to try to as soon as possible... to lead lives of abstinence and sexual renunciation, and in that way they will be better fulfilling the will of God. In the Acts of Thecla for example, Paul gives a speech in which he recasts the part of the bible that we call the beatitudes. That's the "blessed are the so and so...." Paul's version of this is all about blessed are the bodies of virgins, ... blessed are the chaste. It's all about sexual chastity. That those are the people who are blessed in this new recasting of the Christian message.
Read excerpts from The Acts of Paul and Thecla.
Did stories like Thecla -- the fact that the early church is urging people to abstinence, to effectively be breaking up their families, leaving their fiancees -- Does that create tension within the church, or does that create tension with society?
The fact that some young women and men wanted, on the basis of hearing these injunctions to sexual chastity, to abandon societal life, not to marry, not to have children as their parents probably wanted them to, [is] certainly depicted in early Christian writings as causing a problem. In fact, I think we would analyze this today as a case of adolescent rebellion. That you hear many stories from the fourth and early fifth century, particularly, of aristocratic young women who decide they're not going to be obey their parents' command to marry. At this [time] ... aristocratic girls marry very young, in young teenage years probably, and their refusal to do this, and concordant with that their control of enormous sums of money devolving upon them, was a very great asset to the Christian church, and these women were much celebrated and written about and praised by the male authors of this period....
Jesus is often portrayed as in the company of women. What's the significance of that?
Women appear frequently, although they're not always named, in the gospels in the company of Jesus. I think it's part of a more general tendency of the gospels to represent Jesus as having to do with the outcasts, the down and outs of society. The people who aren't necessarily the high and mighty and powerful. Just as Jesus is represented as consorting with sinners, so likewise women are part of his entourage. Some of the gospels are more eager to portray Jesus in this way than others. The Gospel of Luke for example does have Jesus in the company of women quite frequently. You have a number of the stories about Mary and Martha in the Gospel of Luke.
MARY MAGDALENE
Tell us how the character Mary Magdalene evolved. I mean was there really such a person to begin with or was it just a story about someone like that?Mary Magdalene is certainly one of the characters who crops up a lot in the gospels and then is very much discussed in Christian literature the fourth and fifth century particularly. It's interesting to see what happens with her character. We know practically nothing about her, but quite early on she gets conflated with the sinful woman who is said to come in to a dinner party where Jesus is being entertained at the home of a Jewish leader and who washes Jesus' feet and dries the feet with her hair and she is called a sinner. Now it doesn't say what kind of sinner she is, but this story gets conflated with the Mary Magdalene story. Mary Magdalene comes to be thought of as a repentant prostitute. Now why this would have great appeal for the early Christians I'm not entirely sure except that she is an example of somebody who is a very notable sinner and yet repentant and found great praise in the eyes of God. She's also represented as being a witness to the resurrection in the gospels, and this is an important point that here you can see the difference in Paul's letters. Paul does not have the women as witnesses to the resurrection whereas all the gospels have women as witnesses to the resurrection and Mary Magdalene very prominent among them....
Mary Magdalene's probably a good example of a character who appears a number of times in the biblical text itself who then gets raised up and developed and elaborated upon. This is probably fairly typical of what happens to a lot of characters. Their lives get embroidered upon in ways that we wouldn't really know from the biblical text itself. So Mary Magdalene is thought of as this sinner who repents. This gets elaborated into repentent prostitute particularly when Christianity takes a very ascetic turn in the fourth and fifth centuries; to repent from being a prostitute would certainly be a very wonderful thing for a woman to do if she were a Christian....
POWERFUL, WEALTHY WOMEN
In the New Testament, we find many women mentioned, some by name, some not.... They are named as co-workers, some of them seem to be part of missionary couples that go out and help convert others to Christianity. We find less evidence of this as you move into the 2nd century and the 3rd century; as Christianity becomes more established, and a male hierarchy of the clergy is developed, women tend to get more and more excluded....However, with the development of strong ascetic currents in Christianity and particularly the founding of monasteries in the 4th century and early 5th century, you get whole new avenue opened up for women's activity in the church. Some of these women controlled enormous amounts of money and they decided that they would use their money to found monasteries and they sometimes became head of the monasteries themselves. One such woman was named Olympias in Constantinople. She was a very good friend and, in fact, the confidante of John Chrysostom, who became the Bishop of Constantinople the last few years of the 4th century and the first years of the 5th century. She had enormous property; it's been calculated, using rather conservative estimates of how you translate ancient money into modern American dollars, that her contributions to the Church of Constantinople and surrounding areas was something like $900 million. You can see why churchmen liked women like this and why it was very important for the charity operations of the church, which were now feeding hundreds, indeed thousands, of poor people, orphans, widows; hospitals needed to be built that Christians were organizing. The church needed a lot of money poured into its coffers to keep these operations going, and women such as Olympias and others that could be mentioned, Malania the Elder, Malania the Younger, they're very instrumental, both in founding monasteries and directing them, as well as giving money for these charitable operations.
GALATIANS 3:28
What's Paul saying here, what does it mean?Galatians 3:28 is a statement that has had enormous influence on contemporary Christianity, particularly in the feminist branches of Christianity. This is the passage where Paul says, "In Jesus Christ, there's no slave or free, no Jew or Greek, no male" - here, one has put in a correction. It's "no male and female." That is, instead of saying, either /or, as he does in the case of Jews and Greeks, slave and free. With male and female, it's "and" that's in the middle, and scholars have asked what does it mean and why is that one different?
Of course, contemporary Christians, many of them, would like to take this as a great slogan of equality for women in the early church. I personally tend to think Paul was not terribly interested in women's equality. He was very interested in the equality of Jew and gentile. That is, people coming in to Christianity from non-Jewish religions. That was his major concern, without doubt. He took over this phrase, we know, from an earlier baptismal formula. There's some evidence in the Gospel of Thomas and other gospels that Jesus may have said phrases to this effect of "no male and female" and some people think that it's a quotation from Genesis, Chapter 1, where it says, "God created them male and female, he created them." In this case, I think at least, probably, we can't take it as a wonderful slogan for equality, although women today would like to use it that way, and maybe they can go ahead and use it whatever Paul meant by it.
The Harrington Spear Paine Foundation Professor of Religion Princeton University
WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH
Some people suggest that the early Christian movement was an egalitarian one. I'm not so sure of that. It does seem to me that when it was a marginal movement, when it was dangerous to belong to it. [In his letters] Paul speaks of women as his fellow evangelists and teachers and patrons and friends, as he does of men. So it seems that the movement took anybody that it could get, and depended on them in ways that much more established groups, like for example, the Jewish community of a wealthy town like Sepphoris, might not have allowed. It's certainly true that there was a sort of fluidity of roles in this movement, the question of if slaves and free could be equally part of the movement could men and women be on a par in the movement?
Obviously we have sources that suggest that these were enormously live issues. The Gospel of Mary Magdalene, for example, shows us a Christian community in which Mary Magdalene is regarded as a disciple, as a leader, as one of the major teachers in the group. And one who claims that women should be able to teach. In that very gospel, she's challenged and silenced by her brother, Peter, suggesting that the representatives of the church that called itself orthodox and based itself in Rome did not like women setting themselves up. We know that Tertullian, one of the leaders of the church in Africa, spoke about a woman he called simply, "that viper," because she was baptizing people. And he said, "These heretical woman, how audacious they are. I mean they, they teach, they baptize, they preach, they do all kinds of things they shouldn't do. It's horrible, in short." And so we know that there was a great deal of ferment in these communities about the role of women.I don't see a picture of a Golden Age of egalitarianism back there. I see a new, unformed, diverse, and threatened movement which allowed a lot more fluidity for women in certain roles for a while, in some places and not in others. That [also] stirred an enormous amount of resentment, which you see in some of the New Testament writers, for example, in the author of [First] Timothy, which says, "women should be silent in all the churches" and attributes that point of view to Paul.
Did women become, over time, sort of moved to the edges so to speak?
We have information from about the end of the second century that whatever roles women may have had earlier, leaders of the church were beginning to clarify the fact that women should have no official position in the church as they were establishing it. And that was seen as a characteristic of heretical groups. The orthodox church would have none of that, and did not, so far as we can tell, from about the second century on. Where women distinguished themselves in the orthodox community were as martyrs.... And there are famous women who are martyrs. There was a famous holy woman, Thecla, whose story describes enormous opposition. There's not a single woman of renown in the ancient church whose story does not show enormous opposition from some of the men in the group.
MARY MAGDALENE
Was Mary Magdalene another apostle?The gospels of the New Testament tell stories about Mary Magdalene, and there she appears along with the women.... [In Luke], Mary was one whom Jesus had healed. But in other gospels, she appears quite differently. She appears in fact as one of the disciples, not only one of the disciples, but one of those chosen for special teaching, for deeper teaching and wisdom. In the Gospel of Mary Magdalene, she appears as the one disciple who has courage and comforts the others in despair. She appears as the one who speaks to the others to encourage them. So she seems to be one of the great disciples according to some of these other sources. Later tradition suggested she was a prostitute and that she was the one who wiped Jesus' feet with her hair. This is not said in the gospels. It has no foundation in history at all. I suspect that there were Christians who were trying to challenge her status among certain groups who saw her as a great one of the disciples. For example, even today on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, there's a Russian Orthodox Church of Mary Magdalene as a great saint. And others countered, I suggest, by saying, "Oh no, she was a prostitute." So there, in the person of Mary Magdalene, [we see how] groups fought about the status and role of women.
For more on women in the early Church, see this essay by Karen King.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/roles.html
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Accentuate the positive: Change attitude to
improve life
LISA M.
PETSCHE
How to
Counteract Negative Tendencies
•Limit
your exposure to the news.
•Use
positive self-talk. Emphasize phrases such as “I can,” “I will” and “I choose.”
•Be
generous with praise and encouragement and cautious with criticism, giving only
the constructive type.
•Cultivate
a healthy sense of humour. Read the comics, watch a TV sitcom now and then or
rent funny movies. Don’t take yourself or others too seriously.
•Accept
realities you can’t change and focus on those you can influence.
•Trust
that there’s a valuable lesson in every type of adversity. And remember that no
matter what happens, you always have a choice about how to respond.
•Stay
connected to people who care. Minimize contact with those who are negative or
self-centred.
•Find
an outlet for expressing your thoughts and feelings, such as talking with a
friend or keeping a journal.
•Pick
your battles; don’t make a major issue out of every concern.
•Don’t
dwell on past mistakes, hurts or other unpleasant events.
•Look
for the good in people and situations. •Demonstrate empathy, give others the
benefit of the doubt and practise forgiveness.
•Do
something you enjoy each day: read, listen to music or take up a hobby.
•Identify
sources of stress in your life, then eliminate as many as possible and learn to
manage the rest. Practise relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing,
meditation or yoga.
•Seek
help from your primary physician or a counsellor if you continually feel sad,
angry or overwhelmed.
•Let go
of the need for perfection, and be flexible about plans and expectations. Take
things one day at a time.
•Be
receptive to learning new ways of doing things and try new activities.
•Do
nice things for others.
•Set
aside some quiet time each day; it nurtures your spirituality and helps to keep
you grounded.
•Finally,
focus on the good things in your life, such as supportive relationships, and
seek beauty and tranquility – through appreciation of art and nature, for
example.
Count
your blessings and learn to live in the moment, enjoying life’s simpler
pleasures.
https://www.thechronicleherald.ca/more/thriving-50/1325872-accentuate-the-positive-change-attitude-to-improve-life---------------
Prominent Catholic Newspaper Endorses Women Priests Movement
https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8pNrvuZWkEYAaEMunIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTIycHAwa2VpBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZANkM2M4MDAxNWY5NmVhNTQyMWQwY2ZlZWY5ZTMyZWVmNARncG9zAzQEaXQDYmluZw--?.origin=&back=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fyhs%2Fsearch%3Fp%3Dwomen%2Bpriets%2Bcatholic%2Bchurch%2Bearly%2Btimes%2Bphotos%26fr%3Dyhs-mozilla-002%26fr2%3Dpiv-web%26hsimp%3Dyhs-002%26hspart%3Dmozilla%26tab%3Dorganic%26ri%3D4&w=600&h=275&imgurl=spiritualityireland.org%2Fblog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2FProminent-Catholic-Newspaper-Endorses-Women-Priests-Movement-2.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fspiritualityireland.org%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F12%2Fprominent-catholic-newspaper-endorses-women-priests-movement%2F&size=64.0KB&name=Prominent+%3Cb%3ECatholic%3C%2Fb%3E+Newspaper+Endorses+%3Cb%3EWomen%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cb%3EPriests%3C%2Fb%3E+Movement+...&p=women+priests+catholic+church+early+times+photos&oid=d3c80015f96ea5421d0cfeef9e32eef4&fr2=piv-web&fr=yhs-mozilla-002&rw=women+priests+catholic+church+early+times+photos&tt=Prominent+%3Cb%3ECatholic%3C%2Fb%3E+Newspaper+Endorses+%3Cb%3EWomen%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cb%3EPriests%3C%2Fb%3E+Movement+...&b=0&ni=21&no=4&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=13j2gc2p9&sigb=159tfqnhe&sigi=13qvmg8t8&sigt=12lqkvdsh&sign=12lqkvdsh&.crumb=rYHAkZ/zDq5&fr=yhs-mozilla-002&fr2=piv-web&hsimp=yhs-002&hspart=mozilla
---------
Are you claiming that the apostles set up the beginning of the Catholic Church in the first century? I notice the reference of calling teachers and officials of the church "bishops?" Is this word in the New Testament? When was the church officially titled The Roman Catholic Church?
September 13th, 2014
Also see: Apostolic
Succession
Great questions! Thank you for asking.
I am
not claiming that the Catholic Church (under a single Roman leader)
started under the original apostles. I am not sure when the Catholic Church was
first called the "Roman Catholic Church" and referred to a single Roman leader.
What I can tell you is that this did not happen in the first four centuries
which is my era of expertise.
But let me give you some of the data - I try to be clear about the things we do not know for sure. There are some things we ARE fairly certain of, yet you will note that dates are not certain:
1. Christian leaders were called apostles, prophets, deacons and pastors early on - 1 Cor 12:28; Rom 12 - circa 55-58 AD
2. Acts 6 the first Christian offices - (Acts circa early 60's (maybe completed in the 70's)
3. Ephesians 4:11 - the dating in not clear on this letter, could be late 50's (completed after Paul's death, possibly in the 70's or 80's). Some scholars do not think Paul actually penned this letter, others think it was Pauline.
4. 1 Timothy 3 and Titus 1 - here are the only times in the NT when "bishops" are referred to.
Most translations use "overseer," but some translate "bishop." Bible Hub
The Greek word is "episcopas," which immediately makes one think of episcopal like the Episcopal Church. However we translate this word it means a man who is "over" or gives "oversight" to others in leadership.
[I say "a man" because there are no references in the NT or in the early Christian documents to a female in this position - I am not saying whether a woman bishop is right or wrong, this is the historical data]
I think many of our translations stay away from words that remind us of the Catholic Church: like "bishop" and "Eucharist." Both are words found in the Greek NT, but because Protestants have such a dislike of the Roman Catholic Church our translators steer away from these kinds of words.
5. Didache - circa late 60's early 70's.
Didache speaks of leadership positions - but does not specifically mention bishops.
6. 1 Clement - circa 90's, possibly during the Domitian persecution.
Clement is apparently the bishop of Rome and is writing to the church in Corinth because they have removed their bishop. Clement is arguing that the apostles set men in leadership:
Great questions! Thank you for asking.
I am
not claiming that the Catholic Church (under a single Roman leader)
started under the original apostles. I am not sure when the Catholic Church was
first called the "Roman Catholic Church" and referred to a single Roman leader.
What I can tell you is that this did not happen in the first four centuries
which is my era of expertise. But let me give you some of the data - I try to be clear about the things we do not know for sure. There are some things we ARE fairly certain of, yet you will note that dates are not certain:
1. Christian leaders were called apostles, prophets, deacons and pastors early on - 1 Cor 12:28; Rom 12 - circa 55-58 AD
2. Acts 6 the first Christian offices - (Acts circa early 60's (maybe completed in the 70's)
3. Ephesians 4:11 - the dating in not clear on this letter, could be late 50's (completed after Paul's death, possibly in the 70's or 80's). Some scholars do not think Paul actually penned this letter, others think it was Pauline.
4. 1 Timothy 3 and Titus 1 - here are the only times in the NT when "bishops" are referred to.
Most translations use "overseer," but some translate "bishop." Bible Hub
The Greek word is "episcopas," which immediately makes one think of episcopal like the Episcopal Church. However we translate this word it means a man who is "over" or gives "oversight" to others in leadership.
[I say "a man" because there are no references in the NT or in the early Christian documents to a female in this position - I am not saying whether a woman bishop is right or wrong, this is the historical data]
I think many of our translations stay away from words that remind us of the Catholic Church: like "bishop" and "Eucharist." Both are words found in the Greek NT, but because Protestants have such a dislike of the Roman Catholic Church our translators steer away from these kinds of words.
5. Didache - circa late 60's early 70's.
Didache speaks of leadership positions - but does not specifically mention bishops.
6. 1 Clement - circa 90's, possibly during the Domitian persecution.
Clement is apparently the bishop of Rome and is writing to the church in Corinth because they have removed their bishop. Clement is arguing that the apostles set men in leadership:
And thus preaching through countries and cities, they appointed
the first fruits [of their labours], having first proved them by the Spirit, to
be bishops and deacons of those who should afterwards believe. ~ 1
Clement 42
In chapter 44 he clearly states that this position was an
appointment until the leader dies. The whole premise of this early letter is to
tell the Corinthians that they have wrongly replaced a bishop:
...they [the apostles] appointed those [ministers] already
mentioned, and afterwards gave instructions, that when these should fall asleep,
other approved men should succeed them in their ministry. We are of opinion,
therefore, that those appointed by them, or afterwards by other eminent men,
with the consent of the whole church, and who have blamelessly served the flock
of Christ, in a humble, peaceable, and disinterested spirit, and have for a long
time possessed the good opinion of all, cannot be justly dismissed from the
ministry.
This passage continues, but refers to the position as
"presbyters," another Greek word used by Paul in 1 Timothy 4:14
translated by some as "elders." This reflects more of the Jewish terms used in
the primitive and mainly Jewish Christians immediately after the resurrection.
But either way, no matter which word is used, Clement is talking about a
leadership position of a man who is to give oversight to others in leadership
and serves in a lifetime appointment.
7. Ignatius of Antioch - circa 112-128 AD
Some date these letters as early as 107AD, others date them as late as 140AD. Ignatius was the bishop of Antioch, arrested by the Romans and led to Rome for trial and ultimately his execution. Along the way he dictated (or wrote) letters to several churches in which he speaks strongly what is now called "monoepiscopacy," that each city or region has one single bishop who gives leadership to all pastors, etc. in that city/region.
There are seven letters in two forms, long form and the shorter versions. The longer versions of the Ignatian letters are known to be redacted, edited by Christian scribes in a later century, mainly to add trinitarian language that was not used during the time Ignatius. The shorter versions of these letters are accepted as being very close to the original writings of Ignatius. The following citations come from the shorter versions of the letters of Ignatius of Antioch
7. Ignatius of Antioch - circa 112-128 AD
Some date these letters as early as 107AD, others date them as late as 140AD. Ignatius was the bishop of Antioch, arrested by the Romans and led to Rome for trial and ultimately his execution. Along the way he dictated (or wrote) letters to several churches in which he speaks strongly what is now called "monoepiscopacy," that each city or region has one single bishop who gives leadership to all pastors, etc. in that city/region.
There are seven letters in two forms, long form and the shorter versions. The longer versions of the Ignatian letters are known to be redacted, edited by Christian scribes in a later century, mainly to add trinitarian language that was not used during the time Ignatius. The shorter versions of these letters are accepted as being very close to the original writings of Ignatius. The following citations come from the shorter versions of the letters of Ignatius of Antioch
"It is therefore befitting that you should in every way glorify
Jesus Christ, who hath glorified you, that by a unanimous obedience...being
subject to the bishop and the presbytery, ye may in all respects be sanctified."
To the Ephesians 2
"Wherefore it is fitting that ye should run together in accordance with the will of your bishop, which thing also ye do." Eph 4
"Let us be careful, then, not to set ourselves in opposition to the bishop, in order that we may be subject to God." Eph 5
"See that ye all follow the bishop, even as Jesus Christ does the Father, and the presbytery as ye would the apostles; and reverence the deacons, as being the institution of God. Let no man do anything connected with the Church without the bishop." To the Smyrnaeans 8
"Wherefore it is fitting that ye should run together in accordance with the will of your bishop, which thing also ye do." Eph 4
"Let us be careful, then, not to set ourselves in opposition to the bishop, in order that we may be subject to God." Eph 5
"See that ye all follow the bishop, even as Jesus Christ does the Father, and the presbytery as ye would the apostles; and reverence the deacons, as being the institution of God. Let no man do anything connected with the Church without the bishop." To the Smyrnaeans 8
These are just a few of the statements made by Ignatius regarding
the role of the bishop.
CONCLUSION:
This evidence shows that the role of a leader that gives oversight to other leaders in the church started at an early date. Even for those who doubt Pauline authorship of the Pastoral epistles (Timothy and Titus), the church followed this leadership model as early as the latter 25 years of the first century.
This, however, does not equal the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church points to Peter as the first bishop of Rome and then traces the lineage of bishops from each major city in the early church. This is done by Irenaeus and others in their attempt to show that the catholic church was THE church, opposing the growing problem of the Gnostics who also claimed to be THE true followers of Christ.
Two questions remain:
1. Did the apostles set up the Catholic Church?
2. When did the Catholic Church take on the name "Roman?"
The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church both claim that their particular movement is traced back to the apostles. As a concept, I completely agree: the Christian Church certainly can be traced back to the original apostles and the writers of the documents that became the New Testament. Having said this, if I were in a direct conversation with a Catholic or Orthodox priest and they were maintaining this argument I would simply bring up several examples of disagreement or controversy that happened during the first few centuries. Issues where both sides claimed to be speaking for God's church, the catholic church and the orthodox system. I would ask such a modern person: which side was correct? And, does your lineage trace back through such controversies and issues? What about when African bishops disagreed with the Roman bishop and refused to agree and "get in line?"
There is no doubt that early Christian writers referred to "the catholic church." Notice the small "c." In almost all English translations this is how such a reference is translated. They are translating the word "katholikos" which can be translated "universal," "the whole," or "in general." There are many references in the early writers using this term, but they are not meaning what we now refer to as the Catholic Church with a capital "C."
According to the Catholic site newadvent.org (which I use consistently and is a fairly straightforward presentation of historical data) Ignatius of Antioch is the first Christian writer to use the term "catholic" with the term "church." I cannot argue with this - it is most likely correct. This site continues their discussion,
"From this time forward the technical signification of the word Catholic meets us with increasing frequency both East and West, until by the beginning of the fourth century it seems to have almost entirely supplanted the primitive and more general meaning."
Again, no disagreement here.
But it is quite important to understand that we are NOT talking about what becomes the Roman Catholic Church later in history. Catholics and Orthodox believers alike lay claim to this early designation - both cannot be correct unless they are referring to the "universal" church that existed in the first several centuries...and in the discussions I have personally witnessed, this is NOT what they mean.
There are many definitions as to what exactly is meant when we refer to "The Catholic Church." I lean towards the concept of the Roman bishop becoming formally known as the "Pope," and to his authority being accepted by ALL the other bishops. This certainly did not happen before Nicea in 325AD. There were conflicts in the second and third centuries where African and Middle Eastern bishops disagreed with, and simply did not accept the judgement of the Roman bishop. Thus, if Roman authority has anything to do with the movement being "Catholic," it had not happened by 325AD.
Even the Donatist conflict in the early years of Constantine (early fourth century) show this lack of Roman power. Constantine implored the Roman bishop to handle the situation and schism in Northern Africa and a significant number of African bishops rejected his ruling. Constantine, an imperial Roman leader, tried to solve the crisis and they refused to abide by his ruling. The Donatist controversy is important in this discussion because the issue at hand was NOT theological in the first instance - really it came down to whether the African Donatist "bishops" and "pastors" would submit to the "catholic" leadership.
My answers to your two questions above:
1. Did the apostles set up the Catholic Church?
No, in my opinion what we know as the Catholic Church did not become an entity until Gregory the Great was elected Pope in 590AD. Under Gregory's leadership it appears that all regions and bishops in the West accepted the primacy of the Pope. Many of the practices that have become known as "Catholic" were either instituted under Gregory or confirmed as the standard.
2. When did the Catholic Church take on the name "Roman?"
I believe this happened under Emperor Theodosius in 380AD. This is outside my area of direct knowledge, thus I must admit that I am not certain of this particular fact.
Good questions.
I hope this has helped.
Al Baker, Ph.D.
Church History 101
CONCLUSION:
This evidence shows that the role of a leader that gives oversight to other leaders in the church started at an early date. Even for those who doubt Pauline authorship of the Pastoral epistles (Timothy and Titus), the church followed this leadership model as early as the latter 25 years of the first century.
This, however, does not equal the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church points to Peter as the first bishop of Rome and then traces the lineage of bishops from each major city in the early church. This is done by Irenaeus and others in their attempt to show that the catholic church was THE church, opposing the growing problem of the Gnostics who also claimed to be THE true followers of Christ.
Two questions remain:
1. Did the apostles set up the Catholic Church?
2. When did the Catholic Church take on the name "Roman?"
The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church both claim that their particular movement is traced back to the apostles. As a concept, I completely agree: the Christian Church certainly can be traced back to the original apostles and the writers of the documents that became the New Testament. Having said this, if I were in a direct conversation with a Catholic or Orthodox priest and they were maintaining this argument I would simply bring up several examples of disagreement or controversy that happened during the first few centuries. Issues where both sides claimed to be speaking for God's church, the catholic church and the orthodox system. I would ask such a modern person: which side was correct? And, does your lineage trace back through such controversies and issues? What about when African bishops disagreed with the Roman bishop and refused to agree and "get in line?"
There is no doubt that early Christian writers referred to "the catholic church." Notice the small "c." In almost all English translations this is how such a reference is translated. They are translating the word "katholikos" which can be translated "universal," "the whole," or "in general." There are many references in the early writers using this term, but they are not meaning what we now refer to as the Catholic Church with a capital "C."
According to the Catholic site newadvent.org (which I use consistently and is a fairly straightforward presentation of historical data) Ignatius of Antioch is the first Christian writer to use the term "catholic" with the term "church." I cannot argue with this - it is most likely correct. This site continues their discussion,
"From this time forward the technical signification of the word Catholic meets us with increasing frequency both East and West, until by the beginning of the fourth century it seems to have almost entirely supplanted the primitive and more general meaning."
Again, no disagreement here.
But it is quite important to understand that we are NOT talking about what becomes the Roman Catholic Church later in history. Catholics and Orthodox believers alike lay claim to this early designation - both cannot be correct unless they are referring to the "universal" church that existed in the first several centuries...and in the discussions I have personally witnessed, this is NOT what they mean.
There are many definitions as to what exactly is meant when we refer to "The Catholic Church." I lean towards the concept of the Roman bishop becoming formally known as the "Pope," and to his authority being accepted by ALL the other bishops. This certainly did not happen before Nicea in 325AD. There were conflicts in the second and third centuries where African and Middle Eastern bishops disagreed with, and simply did not accept the judgement of the Roman bishop. Thus, if Roman authority has anything to do with the movement being "Catholic," it had not happened by 325AD.
Even the Donatist conflict in the early years of Constantine (early fourth century) show this lack of Roman power. Constantine implored the Roman bishop to handle the situation and schism in Northern Africa and a significant number of African bishops rejected his ruling. Constantine, an imperial Roman leader, tried to solve the crisis and they refused to abide by his ruling. The Donatist controversy is important in this discussion because the issue at hand was NOT theological in the first instance - really it came down to whether the African Donatist "bishops" and "pastors" would submit to the "catholic" leadership.
My answers to your two questions above:
1. Did the apostles set up the Catholic Church?
No, in my opinion what we know as the Catholic Church did not become an entity until Gregory the Great was elected Pope in 590AD. Under Gregory's leadership it appears that all regions and bishops in the West accepted the primacy of the Pope. Many of the practices that have become known as "Catholic" were either instituted under Gregory or confirmed as the standard.
2. When did the Catholic Church take on the name "Roman?"
I believe this happened under Emperor Theodosius in 380AD. This is outside my area of direct knowledge, thus I must admit that I am not certain of this particular fact.
Good questions.
I hope this has helped.
Al Baker, Ph.D.
Church History 101
----------------
THE APOSTLES CREED
I believe in God, the Father almighty,
Creator of heaven and earth,
And in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord,
Who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended into hell;
on the third day He rose again from the dead,
He ascended in heaven,
and sits at the right hand of God,
the Father almighty;
from thence He shall come again
to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the Holy Catholic Church,
the communion of Saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and life everlasting.
Amen.
The Apostles Creed is a brief statement of our core beliefs as
Catholics. It is called the Apostle’s Creed because our ancient
traditions date the profession of our faith back to the Apostles
themselves. It was created for the first time in Rome toward the end of
the 2nd century.Creator of heaven and earth,
And in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord,
Who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended into hell;
on the third day He rose again from the dead,
He ascended in heaven,
and sits at the right hand of God,
the Father almighty;
from thence He shall come again
to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the Holy Catholic Church,
the communion of Saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and life everlasting.
Amen.
Anyone who asked to be baptized was required to make this profession of faith before their entry into the church. This ensured that the new catechumens agreed with the core teachings of Christianity, before they were baptized. Even today, when we recite the Apostles Creed together, it is an affirmation of our agreement with the truths of Christianity contained in these words. The Apostles Creed is the foundation of our Catholic faith, and is the first part that the Catechism of the Catholic Church is founded on.
Where is The Apostles Creed Found in the Bible?
The Apostles Creed is divided into twelve statements which are founded entirely in scripture:
The Apostles Creed
I believe in God, the Father almighty, (Mt 5 :45)Creator of heaven and earth, (Gen 1: 1ff; Rom 1: 20)
And in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord, (Mt 3: 17; Phil 2: 12)
Who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, (Lk 1: 35)
born of the Virgin Mary, (Lk 2: 7)
suffered under Pontius Pilate, (Jn 19: 16)
was crucified, died, and was buried. (Jn 19: 29 – 42)
He descended into hell; (1 Pet 3: 19 – 20)
on the third day He rose again from the dead, (Mt 28:1-10; Jn 20:11-18)
He ascended in heaven, (Lk 24: 51)
and sits at the right hand of God, (Heb 1: 3)
the Father almighty; (Mk 14: 36)
from thence He shall come again (Mt 16: 27; Acts 10: 39ff;)
to judge the living and the dead. (1 Cor 15: 51ff)
I believe in the Holy Spirit, (Jn 14: 15 – 20; Acts 1: 7 – 8)
the Holy Catholic Church, (Mt 16: 18 – 19; Eph 5: 26-27; Col 1: 24)
the communion of Saints, (Mt 28: 19 – 20; 2 Cor 11: 13; 1 Cor 15: 33)
the forgiveness of sins, (Jn 20: 22 – 23)
the resurrection of the body, (1Cor 15: 51 – 54; 1 Thes 4: 13 – 18)
and life everlasting. (1 Jn 5: 20)
Amen.
http://www.acatholic.org/about-the-catholic-faith/catholic-the-apostles-creed/
-----------------
Nuns On The Bus -- The Movie! Trailer
Holy Moly! PLEASE HELP FINISH THE FILM: www.NunsOnTheBusMovie.com Nuns On the Bus -- The Movie! is a documentary film in-progress by Sundance award-winning f..
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'Nuns On The Bus' Stand Up To Koch Brothers, 'Big Money' Political Donations
Network
That’s one way to look at the upcoming “Nuns on the Bus” tour, which hits the road next week (Sept. 17) for the third time in three years, a monthlong trip though 10 key U.S. Senate battleground states to campaign against the influence of outside money on politics.
The issue has come to be identified with the wealthy industrialist brothers Charles and David Koch, whose huge contributions to conservative political causes have raised concerns about the role of “dark money” on elections.
The spigot for such undisclosed donations, which can be made by unions as well as corporations, was opened by the controversial 2010 Citizens United Supreme Court decision. That was followed by another 5-4 ruling in April of this year, McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission.
“It’s all about ‘we the people’ standing up against big money,” said Sister Simone Campbell, who heads Network, a Catholic social justice lobby on Capitol Hill that is organizing more than 75 events in 36 cities along the 5,252-mile route.
The Nuns on the Bus exploded onto the political scene during the summer of 2012 when Campbell first led a group of sisters on a motor trip through battleground states, mainly in the Midwest.
The focus of that campaign was income inequality and the working poor. The appeal of Catholic nuns taking to the road in the midst of the heated presidential campaign put Campbell on television and — thanks to her Democratic-leaning agenda — earned her a prime-time speaking spot at the September 2012 convention that renominated President Obama.
Last summer, Campbell and the nuns went on the road again on behalf of immigration reform.
“I wasn’t going to do another bus trip this year,” Campbell said. “I thought, twice in a row — do we do a third one?”
But she said the growing role of outside money in elections, with no requirements to disclose how much is donated and by whom, convinced her that another bus trip was necessary, though she will have to raise $400,000 to fund the trip. Campbell said she has collected about $300,000 so far, mainly from Network members and from foundations that promote voter registration and health care reform.
Campbell said the tour isn’t aimed at advocating any particular policy or legislative fixes for unregulated campaign contributions. Instead it will focus on voter registration drives and canvassing low-income neighborhoods to rally voters to cast ballots in November.
“We want to say the 100 percent are welcome to the table of dialogue. But leave your money bags outside the door,” she said.
The sisters will also sit down with business leaders “to hear their perspective and ask about the common good in their perspective.”
Campbell will be accompanied on the bus by different Catholic sisters from each state the bus visits and they will stay at convents where possible.
The tour starts in Des Moines and at a subsequent stop in Davenport, Iowa, the local Catholic bishop, Martin Amos, will present an award to Campbell.
That’s significant because Campbell was one of the American nuns singled out for criticism in April 2012 by a Vatican investigation of a group representing most U.S. sisters, the Leadership Conference of Women Religious.
The Vatican said that the LCWR and nuns like Campbell did not spend enough time defending church doctrine on abortion and sexual ethics, and focused too much on social justice work. That work reportedly included advocating for Obama’s health care reform law, which the U.S. hierarchy strongly opposed at the time.
The Vatican’s doctrinal chief this month renewed his “blunt” criticism of the LCWR and its members, and after the LCWR’s annual meeting in August some critics on the right said Pope Francis should revoke the LCWR’s Catholic bona fides.
Jeffrey Mirus, founder of the Catholic Culture website, wrote that such a step was necessary because the spirituality of the LCWR “is rooted in paganism, its cherished causes read like a secular wish list, and its whole attitude is profoundly anti-Catholic.”
After stops in Iowa, the latest Nuns on the Bus tour will continue with multi-city stops in Minnesota, Michigan, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Louisiana and one-off stops in Chicago, Atlanta and Charleston in West Virginia. The trip concludes in Denver on Oct. 20, two weeks before the mid-term elections that may well give Republicans control of the Senate in addition to the House.
Also on HuffPost:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/08/nuns-on-the-bus-tour-koch-brothers_n_5786606.html
--------------
Halifax Explosion:
The Aftermath and Relief Efforts (1917)
Actual footage
following the 1917 Explosion in Halifax, showing devastation and the relief
effort, beginning with activities the day after the Explosion and following the
reconstruction in the north end of Halifax, including the Hydrostone housing
project.
Filmmaker: W.G.
MacLaughlan
For more information
on the archives and these films, please visit: http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/ns...
-------------
----------
Rebuilding Europe after WW1 took decades
By
Staff The Canadian Press
;
The
Basilica in Saint Quentin, France, badly damaged during the First World War and
later restored, is shown in this 2013 handout photo. THE CANADIAN PRESS/HO -
Tom Douglas
YPRES,
Belgium – The First World War cut a swath of destruction across Europe, leaving
centuries-old towns and hallowed buildings in ruins. Rebuilding took
generations.
Many
Canadians visiting this West Flanders city where so many of their forebears
fought and died in that war marvel at the magnificent Cloth Hall in the Grand
Market Square.
A
lot of them don’t know, however, that this splendid example of 13th century
architecture is not even as old the Centre Block of Ottawa’s Parliament
Buildings.
Oddly,
both the Cloth Hall and the original Centre Block of Parliament buildings
burned and crashed to Earth within a couple of years of one another.
On
the night of Feb. 3, 1916 a raging fire destroyed all but the Library of
Parliament and the northwest wing of the Centre Block.
On Nov. 22, 1914, German shell fire struck the Cloth Hall.
Wooden scaffolding set up to repair damage caused by earlier shelling quickly
ignited and the upper floors of the hall were badly charred.
The Germans rained fire on Ypres for the rest of the war
but never managed to seize it. Canadian soldiers, who saw their first major
action of the war at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, watched the
gradual destruction of this former textile centre.
By the end of the war, in November 1918, the venerable city
and its medieval buildings had been flattened.
Ottawa’s Centre Block was rebuilt in fairly short order. On
September 1, 1919, the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VIII, laid the
cornerstone for the Peace Tower. The structure was completed in 1922.
The rebuilding of the Cloth Hall finally finished in 1967.
And if Winston Churchill had had his way, Ypres would have been left as a pile
of rubble as a monument to the hundreds of thousands of Allied troops killed
there through the years of fighting.
“I should like us to acquire the whole of the ruins of
Ypres,” Great Britain’s future prime minister said in 1919. “A more sacred
place for the British race does not exist in the world.”
But two factions of Ypres citizenry lobbied for
reconstruction. One group wanted a new city built on the ruins using the
fashionable art deco architecture of the 1920s.
Another group, which prevailed, favoured using the existing
plans for the old city to create a replica of pre-war Ypres, paid for by German
reparation payments and donations pouring in from all over the world.
Some French and Belgian communities, pounded flat by years
of shelling, were never rebuilt, passing into history with no more than an
inscribed cairn to mark their previous existence.
One of many badly damaged communities on the Western Front
that actually was reborn in art deco style was Saint Quentin in the Picardy
region of northern France near the Somme River.
It was the site of brutal fighting and a long German
occupation which left three-quarters of the city in ruins.
Once again, war’s end brought an influx of German
reparation payments as well as worldwide donations, and the townspeople decided
to rebuild.
The reconstruction included colourful mosaics, floral
friezes and wrought iron or bow windows that reflect the art deco motif and
became a powerful tourist attraction that is still a major part of the city’s
marketing campaign.
READ
MORE: The perilous history of Canada’s Ross rifle
Frederic Buron, Saint Quentin’s manager of tourism
development, said the city centre sustained the most damage, especially the
Basilica, where the Germans used the church steeple as an observation post for
artillery.
“The Basilica’s wooden framework, dating back to the 17th
century, caught fire on Aug. 15, 1917 when Allied shelling targeted the
steeple,” Buron said.
“The roof was destroyed and without its protection during
the particularly harsh winter that followed, the interior of the building
collapsed in on itself.
“Many stained glass windows were blown and the crypt
housing the tomb of Saint Quintinus, the Roman martyr who gave his name to the
city, burst open. A new crypt was constructed during the restoration and the
sarcophagus containing the saint’s remains was transferred there.”
Buron added that the majority of the 55,000 inhabitants had
fled either immediately after the German takeover in 1914 or during a massive
evacuation in March 1917, when the Germans turned Saint Quentin into a fortress
town as part of their defensive Hindenburg Line.
“At war’s end, the townspeople returned to find the city in
ruins,” he said. “Temporary shelters were set up and the enormous task of
rebuilding the city began.”
The reconstruction began with the transportation system,
roads, canals and railways. The locals struggled to re-establish the industrial
base that had been methodically dismantled and shipped off to Germany. It took
until the late 1930s to get things back to pre-war conditions.
The pipes of the massive organ in the Basilica had been removed
by the Germans and melted down to make weapons and ammunition. The pipes and
the shattered stained glass windows were replaced in the rebuilding.
The process taught the locals a valuable lesson, Buron
said.
“When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, we
had to reverse the process and store away all our valuable artifacts to prevent
them from being destroyed all over again.”
-------------------
New Libraries!
If you would like to support the new libraries in Berwick and Kentville, here's how:Donate online through CanadaHelps. If you would rather mail a cheque, please print this form and include it.
Tax receipts will be issued for donations of $10 and over.
You may also want to join the Berwick & Area Friends of the Library. Ask at the branch for details!
We will post updates on the two new branches on this page. Check back often and thanks for your support!
-----------------
BLOGGED:
Canada Military News: Hell is out and Heaven is in Afterlife and what religions and non believe/Hell is out Heaven is in/ - for those who believe/Lent/Understand Islam and Allah/Yom Kippur/Stations of the Cross/Many folks are helping those in need in their communities this year for Lent
------------
BLOGGED:
CANADA MILITARY NEWS: Positive
Thinking-Education is power...over 85% of Canadians complete their education- there
are lots of jobs folks- How 2 Control your own destiny- get 2 school and
retraining 2 where the real jobs are NOT THE PRETEND WANNAB- have a great
life... Dale Carnegie/Jaycettes/designing courses that fit and a program Adult
Education Certification was wonderful- u can do it... u can do it... jobs are
there /fix u - u can /RETRAINING and more training - exciting and good 4 ur
spirit and job prospect/Nation Nations- youngbloods NOT interested in joining
military- conscription coming back in
-----------
Kentville Library- Nova Scotia - Annapolis Valley Regional Library- HELPING REFUGEES
Refugee support information
From the Government of Canada website: How Canada is helping Syrian and Iraqi refugees
211.ca is a free, confidential information and referral service for thousands of community and social services available across the province.
Resources for Serving Syrian Newcomers
Silent Books - a booklist of worldess books for all readers
Paradise Refugee Support's Facebook Page
The Halifax Refugee Clinic
Immigrant Services Association of Nova Scotia
UNICEF
Canadian Council of Refugees
Oxfam Canada
Refugee Sponsorship Training Program
Amnesty International
Canadian Red Cross
Lifeline Syria
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (Canada)
Citizenship & Immigration Canada (instructions for sponsoring refugees)
Doctors Without Borders
The Rainbow Refugee Association of Nova Scotia
----------------
Friday, 29 April 2011 02:28 administrator Reference - Golden Rules developed
by Dale Carnegie. I believe that these Rules from Dale Carnegie's Golden Book
will change anyone's mind positively, even by attempting them. When such change
happens, it will change the life for them and hence the lives of everyone the
come in touch with them.
When I was the Director of Data Warehousing (in 1996), I was
given an opportunity to spend $3,000 annual training-budget towards improving
my skills via any of the technical conferences available in the market.
However, I made a special request to my HR Director (Marybeth Schomas) and she
allowed me to take the Dale Carnegie Course instead. This introduced me to a
whole new world that I never knew existed within my heart and mind.
About Dale Carnegie
Dale Carnegie was born in 1888 in Missouri, USA and was
educated at Warrensburg State Teachers College. As a salesman and aspiring
actor, he traveled to New York and began teaching communications classes to
adults at the YMCA. In 1912, the world-famous Dale Carnegie Course® was born.
He authored several best-sellers, including, How To Win Friends and Influence People
and How to Stop Worrying and Start Living.
Over 50 million copies of Mr. Carnegie's books have been printed and published
in 38 languages.
Mr. Carnegie was a prominent lecturer of his day and a
sought-after counselor to world leaders. He wrote newspaper columns and had his
own daily radio show.
Dale Carnegie founded what is today a worldwide network of
over 3,000 instructors and offices in more than 70 countries.
PROBLEM SOLVING-
1. What is the problem?
2. Whar are the causes?
3. What are the possible solutions?
4. What are the BEST
possible solutions?
5. Do it.
21 Principles from How to
Win Friends and Influence People
Become a Friendlier Person
(1-9)
Don't criticize, condemn or
complain.
Give honest, sincere
appreciation.
Arouse in the other person an
eager want.
Become genuinely interested in
other people.
Smile.
Remember that a person's name is
to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language.
Be a good listener. Encourage
others to talk about themselves.
Talk in terms of other person's
interests.
Make the other person feel
important - and do it sincerely.
Win People to Your Way of
Thinking (10-21)
The only way to get the best of
an argument is to avoid it.
Show respect for the other
person's opinion. Never say, "you're wrong."
If you are wrong, admit it
quickly and emphatically.
Begin in a friendly way.
Get the other person saying,
"yes, yes" immediately.
Let the other person do a great
deal of the talking.
Try honestly to see things from
the other person's point of view.
Be sympathetic with the other
person's ideas and desires.
Appeal to the nobler motives.
Dramatize your ideas.
Throw down a challenge.
(ADDED
FROM 21- 30 - year 2015)
22. Begin With Praise And Honest Appreciation
23. Call Attention To People's Mistakes Indirectly
24. Talk About Your Own Mistakes Before Criticizing The Other Person
25. Ask Questions Instead Of Giving Direct Orders
26. Let The Other Person Save Face
27. Praise The Slightest Improvement And Praise Every Improvement. Be "Hearty In Your Approbation And Lavish In Your Praise".
28. Give The Other Person A Fine Reputation To Live Up To
29. Use Encouragement. Make The Fault Seem Easy To Correct
30. Make The Other Person Happy About Doing The Thing You Suggest
23. Call Attention To People's Mistakes Indirectly
24. Talk About Your Own Mistakes Before Criticizing The Other Person
25. Ask Questions Instead Of Giving Direct Orders
26. Let The Other Person Save Face
27. Praise The Slightest Improvement And Praise Every Improvement. Be "Hearty In Your Approbation And Lavish In Your Praise".
28. Give The Other Person A Fine Reputation To Live Up To
29. Use Encouragement. Make The Fault Seem Easy To Correct
30. Make The Other Person Happy About Doing The Thing You Suggest
Be a Leader
Begin with praise and honest
appreciation.
Call attention to people's
mistakes indirectly.
Talk about your own mistakes
before criticizing the other person.
Ask questions instead of giving
direct orders.
Let the other person save face.
Praise the slightest improvement
and praise every improvement. Be "hearty in your approbation and lavish in
your praise."
Give the other person a fine
reputation to live up to.
Use encouragement. Make the
fault seem easy to correct.
Make the other person happy
about doing the thing you suggest.
Principles from How to Stop
Worrying and Start Living
Fundamental Principles for
Overcoming Worry
Live in "day-tight
compartments."
How to face trouble:
> Ask yourself, "What is the worst that can possibly happen?"
> Prepare to accept the worst.
> Try to improve on the worst.
> Ask yourself, "What is the worst that can possibly happen?"
> Prepare to accept the worst.
> Try to improve on the worst.
Remind yourself of the
exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health.
Basic Techniques in
Analyzing Worry
Get all the facts.
Weight all the facts - then come
to a decision.
Once a decision is reached, act!
Write out and answer the
following question:
> What is the problem?
> What are the causes of the problem?
> What are the possible solutions?
> What is the best possible solution?
> What is the problem?
> What are the causes of the problem?
> What are the possible solutions?
> What is the best possible solution?
Break the Worry Habit
Before It Breaks You
Keep Busy.
Don't fuss about trifles.
Use the law of averages to
outlaw your worries.
Cooperate with the inevitable.
Decide just how much anxiety a
thing may be worth and refuse to give it more.
Don't worry about the past.
Cultivate a Mental Attitude
that will Bring You Peace and Happiness
Fill your mind with thoughts of
peace, courage, health and hope.
Never try to get even with your
enemies.
Expect ingratitude.
Count your blessings - not your
troubles.
Do not imitate others.
Try to profit from your losses.
Create happiness for others.
The Perfect Way to Conquer
Worry
Pray.
Don't Worry about Criticism
Remember that unjust criticism
is often a disguised compliment.
Do the very best you can.
Analyze your own mistakes and
criticize yourself.
Prevent Fatigue and Worry
and Keep Your Energy and Spirits High
Rest before you get tired.
Learn to relax at your work.
Protect your health and
appearance by relaxing at home.
Apply these four good working
habits:
> Clear your desk of all papers except those relating to the immediate problem at hand.
> Do things in the order of their importance.
> When you face a problem, solve it then and there if you have the facts necessary to make a decision.
> Learn to organize, deputize and supervise.
> Clear your desk of all papers except those relating to the immediate problem at hand.
> Do things in the order of their importance.
> When you face a problem, solve it then and there if you have the facts necessary to make a decision.
> Learn to organize, deputize and supervise.
Put enthusiasm into your work.
Don't worry about insomnia.
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BLOGGED:
Canada Military News: Catholic n Christian History- Russian Christian Orthodox History- 1000 year war ends February 12, 2016 in our Cuba because GOD HAS A PLAN...so if our Christian Faith can find peace and humanity and other Faiths strive for the same...how can UNITED NATIONS still harbour and continue their $6TRILLION a year wars? /The Apostle's Creed ..foundation of Christian Faith /2016 The Year of Mercy, Humanity and Reconstruction /St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church Kentville NS 1888
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BLOGGED:
Canada Military News: How to
change to positive thinking/fix social media f**k-ups/calming negative
clients-patients/a year of buying nothing-hints/shift negative to
positive/links included- this took a lot of time...so enjoy friends/talking to
children about trauma /organizing a room by room clutter mess/Random Acts of
Kindness lifts the soul and costs little
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