Queen Elizabeth II and Governor General of Canada Madame Sauve
Comment:
One of the
greatest thrills of my life... when she visited the Annapolis Valley Parade in
Kentville, N S. – was so thrilled as young girls we played field hockey ...so
did she.... Madame Sauve told and taught us as girls/women we could be and do
anything.... especially the poorest among us...
-----------
Canada did have three Prime Ministers during 1984. Pierre Trudeau was
ending his second stint as PM and was followed for three months only by his
Liberal associate John Turner. In the 1984 fall general election Progressive
Conservative Brian Mulroney became Prime Minister, and remained so until 1993.
--------
Hero-
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA-Madame Jeanne Sauve from 1984-1990
Jeanne Sauvé
The Right Honourable Jeanne
Sauvé (1984-1990)
Throughout her distinguished career, the Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé achieved a number of notable 'firsts'. In the House of Commons, she was the first female Cabinet member from Quebec, she was the first woman elected as Speaker of the House of Commons, she opened the first daycare on Parliament Hill, and she was the first woman to serve as governor general.
Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall, she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence in Canada.
Mme. Sauvé's concern for youth and peace were two of the three central themes of her mandate – the third was national unity. She travelled extensively, making her role as governor general – a symbol of our common identity – accessible to all Canadians. In her installation speech, she spoke about the need for Canadians to forego a narrow sense of their nation and become more tolerant. "This is the price of our happiness," she said, "but happiness will never be found in the spirit of 'every man for himself'."
During Mme Sauvé's term of office, the United Nations General Assembly declared 1986 as the "International Year of Peace". One initiative developed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and other partners was a publication entitled, What Peace Means to Me (Ma vision de la paix). The publication, with a forward written by Mme Sauvé, contained essays written by various members of the Order of Canada, as well as the winning essays and posters from a contest sponsored by the United Nations Association in Canada.
In 1986, on behalf of the 'People of Canada', Mme Sauvé accepted the Nansen Medal, a prestigious international humanitarian award given in recognition of major and sustained efforts made on behalf of refugees. This was the first time since the medal's inception in 1954 that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees presented it to an entire population. The Nansen Medal is kept at Rideau Hall.
Mme Sauvé's enthusiasm for the value of sports led her to establish the Jeanne Sauvé Trophy for the World Cup Championship in women's field hockey, and the Jeanne Sauvé Cup for the Canadian Ringette Champions. She also created the Jeanne Sauvé Fair Play Award to recognize national amateur athletes who best demonstrate fair play and non-violence in sport. And she encouraged a safer society in Canada by establishing the Governor General's Award for Safety in the Workplace.
During her term as governor general, Mme Sauvé made State visits to Italy, the Vatican and the People's Republic of China. In Thailand, she received an honorary doctorate in political science from the University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, and in France, she received the Médaille de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris, from La Sorbonne in Paris. She also made a State visit to Uruguay and Brazil; to commemorate the Brazil visit, she established the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship / Bourse commémorative du gouverneur général Jeanne Sauvé, an award to be given each year to a Brazilian graduate student of Canadian studies.
Mme Sauvé also received a number of distinguished visitors, including The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; Prince Andrew; The Duke and Duchess of York; King Carl Gustaf of Sweden; Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands; King Hussein of Jordan; Pope John Paul II; U.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuéllar; U.S. President Ronald Reagan; French President François Mitterrand; Chinese President Li Xiannian; and Romanian President Nicolae Ceaucescu, as well as the presidents of Israel, Tanzania, Italy, the People's Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Cameroon, Iceland and the Philippines. As well, in 1988, Mme Sauvé met with Mother Teresa of Calcutta, at the Citadelle of Québec.
She also hosted Prince Edward, who presented the Royal Letters Patent signed by Her Majesty patriating heraldry to Canada, which led to the establishment of the Canadian Heraldic Authority. As the Head of the Canadian Heraldic Authority the Governor General holds the Sovereign's prerogative power and provides for the creation of new heraldic honours in the form of coats of arms, flags, badges and other emblems.
One of her favourite events was the annual Christmas party for the Ottawa Boys and Girls Club and its French counterpart, the Patro d'Ottawa. The children came to Rideau Hall for lunch and a visit with Santa. Mme Sauvé personally hosted her young guests and wore a paper party hat to celebrate the special occasion.
During his wife's mandate, M. Maurice Sauvé continued to pursue his own business concerns while participating in many Canadian cultural activities.
Life Before and After Rideau
Hall
Jeanne Mathilde Benoit studied at
Notre-Dame du Rosaire Convent in Ottawa and the University of Ottawa. She was
actively involved in student and political affairs, and became the national
president of the Young Catholic Students Group at the age of 20. She married
the Honourable Maurice Sauvé on September 24, 1948 at St-Jean
Baptiste Church in Ottawa. Later that same year, they moved to Europe, where
she earned a diploma in French civilization at the Université de Paris. The
couple had one child.Mme Sauvé was a founding member of the Institute of Political Research and for over 20 years had a distinguished career as a journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. She was elected as a Liberal member of Parliament for Ahunstic (Montréal) in 1972 and was subsequently appointed Minister of State for Science and Technology. She was re-elected in July 1974 and given the environment portfolio. Then, in 1975, she was appointed Minister of Communications with responsibility for French speaking countries in the Department of External Affairs.
After completing her term of office as Governor General in 1990, the Sauvés retired to Montréal, where she worked to forward the interests of the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation. She died three years later after an extended illness, her husband having pre-deceased her in 1992.
---------
Employment
History
- Assistant
To the Director
Youth Secretariat of UNESCO
- Journalist
Board
Memberships and Affiliations
- Founder
Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation
- Founding
Member
Institute of Political Research
Education
- honorary
doctorate , political science
University of Chulalongkorn ,
Bangkok
Web References
Jeanne
Sauvé
www.gg.ca, 30 May 2014 [cached]
www.gg.ca, 30 May 2014 [cached]
Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues
surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements
incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal
mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of
UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of
Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall,
she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special
education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established
the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence
in Canada.
Mme. Sauvé's concern for youth and peace were two of
the three central themes of her mandate - the third was national unity. She
travelled extensively, making her role as governor general - a symbol of our
common identity - accessible to all Canadians. In her installation speech, she
spoke about the need for Canadians to forego a narrow sense of their nation and
become more tolerant. "This is the price of our happiness," she said,
"but happiness will never be found in the spirit of 'every man for
himself'."
During Mme Sauvé's term of office, the United Nations
General Assembly declared 1986 as the "International Year of Peace".
One initiative developed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and other
partners was a publication entitled, What Peace Means to Me (Ma vision de la
paix). The publication, with a forward written by Mme Sauvé, contained essays
written by various members of the Order of Canada, as well as the winning
essays and posters from a contest sponsored by the United Nations Association
in Canada.
In 1986, on behalf of the 'People of Canada', Mme
Sauvé accepted the Nansen Medal, a prestigious international humanitarian award
given in recognition of major and sustained efforts made on behalf of refugees.
...
During her term as governor general, Mme Sauvé made
State visits to Italy, the Vatican and the People's Republic of China. In
Thailand, she received an honorary doctorate in political science from the
University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, and in France, she received the Médaille
de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris, from La Sorbonne in Paris. She
also made a State visit to Uruguay and Brazil; to commemorate the Brazil visit,
she established the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship / Bourse
commémorative du gouverneur général Jeanne Sauvé, an award to be given each
year to a Brazilian graduate student of Canadian studies.
Mme Sauvé also received a number of distinguished visitors,
including The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth, the Queen
Mother; Prince Andrew; The Duke and Duchess of York; King Carl Gustaf of
Sweden; Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands; King Hussein of Jordan; Pope John
Paul II; U.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuéllar; U.S. President Ronald
Reagan; French President François Mitterrand; Chinese President Li Xiannian;
and Romanian President Nicolae Ceaucescu, as well as the presidents of Israel,
Tanzania, Italy, the People's Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Cameroon,
Iceland and the Philippines.
...
As well, in 1988, Mme Sauvé met with Mother Teresa of
Calcutta, at the Citadelle of Québec.
...
Mme Sauvé personally hosted her young guests and wore
a paper party hat to celebrate the special occasion.
During his wife's mandate, M. Maurice Sauvé continued
to pursue his own business concerns while participating in many Canadian
cultural activities.
...
Mme Sauvé was a founding member of the Institute of
Political Research and for over 20 years had a distinguished career as a
journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. She was elected as a
Liberal member of Parliament for Ahunstic (Montréal) in 1972 and was
subsequently appointed Minister of State for Science and Technology. She was
re-elected in July 1974 and given the environment portfolio. Then, in 1975, she
was appointed Minister of Communications with responsibility for French
speaking countries in the Department of External Affairs.
After completing her term of office as Governor
General in 1990, the Sauvés retired to Montréal, where she worked to forward
the interests of the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation. She died three years later
after an extended illness, her husband having pre-deceased her in 1992.
Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues
surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements
incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms.Long before her vice-regal
mandate, she worked as assistant to the Director of the Youth Secretariat of
UNESCO, served as Secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of
Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth.At Rideau Hall, she
established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special
education for exceptional children.And at the end of her mandate, she
established the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth
excellence in Canada.
Mme. Sauvé's concern for youth and peace were two of
the three central themes of her mandate - the third was national unity.She
travelled extensively, making her role as Governor General - a symbol of our
common identity - accessible to all Canadians.In her installation speech, she
spoke about the need for Canadians to forego a narrow sense of their nation and
become more tolerant."This is the price of our happiness," she said,
"but happiness will never be found in the spirit of 'every man for
himself'."
During Mme Sauvé's term of office the United Nations
General Assembly declared 1986 as the "International Year of
Peace".One initiative developed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and
other partners was a publication entitled What Peace Means to Me (Ma vision de
la paix).The publication, with a forward written by Mme Sauvé, contained essays
written by various members of the Order of Canada, as well as the winning
essays and posters from a contest sponsored by the United Nations Association
in Canada.
In 1986, Mme Sauvé accepted on behalf of the 'People
of Canada' the Nansen Medal, a prestigious international humanitarian award
which is given in recognition of major and sustained efforts made on behalf of
refugees.
...
During her term as Governor General, Mme Sauvé made
State visits to Italy, the Vatican, the People's Republic of China, Thailand,
where she received an honorary doctorate in political science from the
University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok and to France, where she received the
Médaille de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris, La Sorbonne, Paris.She
also made a State visit to Uruguay and Brazil, and to commemorate the Brazil
visit the "Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship / Bourse commémorative
du Gouverneur général Jeanne Sauvé", an award to be made each year to a
Brazilian graduate student in Canadian Studies, was established.
Mme Sauvé also received a number of distinguished
visitors, including: The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, Queen Elizabeth, the
Queen Mother Prince Andrew, The Duke and Duchess of York, King Carl Gustaf of
Sweden and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, King Hussein of Jordan, Pope John
Paul II, U.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuéllar, U.S. President Ronald
Reagan, French President, François Mitterrand, Chinese President Li Xiannian;
Romanian President Nicolae Ceaucescu, as well as the presidents of Israel,
Tanzania, Italy, the People's Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Cameroon,
Iceland and the Philippines.
...
As well, in 1988, Mme Sauvé met with Mother Teresa of
Calcutta at the Citadelle.
She also hosted Prince Edward, who presented the
Royal Letters Patent signed by Her Majesty patriating heraldry to Canada, which
led to the establishment of the Canadian Heraldic Authority.As the Head of the
Canadian Heraldic Authority the Governor General holds the Sovereign's
prerogative power and provides for the creation of new heraldic honours in the
form of coats of arms, flags, badges and other emblems.
One of her favourite events was the annual Christmas
party for the Ottawa Boys and Girls Club and its French counterpart, the Patro
d'Ottawa.The children came to Rideau Hall for lunch and a visit with Santa.Mme
Sauvé personally hosted her young guests and wore a paper party hat to
celebrate the special occasion.
During his wife's mandate, M. Maurice Sauvé continued
to pursue his own business concerns while participating in many Canadian
cultural activities.
...
Mme Sauvé was a founding member of the Institute of
Political Research and for over 20 years had a distinguished career as a
journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.She was elected as a
Liberal member of Parliament for Ahunstic (Montréal) in 1972 and was
subsequently appointed Minister of State for Science and Technology.She was
re-elected in July 1974 and given the environment portfolio.Then, in 1975, she
was appointed Minister of Communications with responsibility for French
speaking countries in the Department of External Affairs.
After completing her term of office as Governor
General in 1990, the Sauvés retired to Montréal, where she worked to forward
the interests of the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation.She died three years later
after an extended illness, her husband having pre-deceased her in 1992.
Mme Sauvé was a staunch ...
www.gg.ca, 20 Nov 2012 [cached]
www.gg.ca, 20 Nov 2012 [cached]
Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues
surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements
incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal
mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of
UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of
Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall,
she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special
education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established
the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence
in Canada.
Mme. Sauvé's concern for youth and peace were two of
the three central themes of her mandate - the third was national unity. She
travelled extensively, making her role as governor general - a symbol of our
common identity - accessible to all Canadians. In her installation speech, she
spoke about the need for Canadians to forego a narrow sense of their nation and
become more tolerant. "This is the price of our happiness," she said,
"but happiness will never be found in the spirit of 'every man for
himself'."
During Mme Sauvé's term of office, the United Nations
General Assembly declared 1986 as the "International Year of Peace".
One initiative developed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and other
partners was a publication entitled, What Peace Means to Me (Ma vision de la
paix). The publication, with a forward written by Mme Sauvé, contained essays
written by various members of the Order of Canada, as well as the winning
essays and posters from a contest sponsored by the United Nations Association
in Canada.
In 1986, on behalf of the 'People of Canada', Mme
Sauvé accepted the Nansen Medal, a prestigious international humanitarian award
given in recognition of major and sustained efforts made on behalf of refugees.
...
During her term as governor general, Mme Sauvé made
State visits to Italy, the Vatican and the People's Republic of China. In
Thailand, she received an honorary doctorate in political science from the
University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, and in France, she received the Médaille
de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris, from La Sorbonne in Paris. She also
made a State visit to Uruguay and Brazil; to commemorate the Brazil visit, she
established the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship / Bourse commémorative
du gouverneur général Jeanne Sauvé, an award to be given each year to a
Brazilian graduate student of Canadian studies.
Mme Sauvé also received a number of distinguished
visitors, including The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth, the
Queen Mother; Prince Andrew; The Duke and Duchess of York; King Carl Gustaf of
Sweden; Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands; King Hussein of Jordan; Pope John
Paul II; U.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuéllar; U.S. President Ronald
Reagan; French President François Mitterrand; Chinese President Li Xiannian;
and Romanian President Nicolae Ceaucescu, as well as the presidents of Israel,
Tanzania, Italy, the People's Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Cameroon,
Iceland and the Philippines.
...
As well, in 1988, Mme Sauvé met with Mother Teresa of
Calcutta, at the Citadelle of Québec.
...
Mme Sauvé personally hosted her young guests and wore
a paper party hat to celebrate the special occasion.
During his wife's mandate, M. Maurice Sauvé continued
to pursue his own business concerns while participating in many Canadian
cultural activities.
...
Mme Sauvé was a founding member of the Institute of
Political Research and for over 20 years had a distinguished career as a
journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. She was elected as a
Liberal member of Parliament for Ahunstic (Montréal) in 1972 and was
subsequently appointed Minister of State for Science and Technology. She was
re-elected in July 1974 and given the environment portfolio. Then, in 1975, she
was appointed Minister of Communications with responsibility for French
speaking countries in the Department of External Affairs.
After completing her term of office as Governor
General in 1990, the Sauvés retired to Montréal, where she worked to forward
the interests of the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation. She died three years later
after an extended illness, her husband having pre-deceased her in 1992.
The Governor General of Canada > Former Governors General
www.gg.ca, 27 Aug 2010 [cached]
www.gg.ca, 27 Aug 2010 [cached]
Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues
surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements
incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal
mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of
UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of
Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall,
she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special
education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established
the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence
in Canada.
Mme. Sauvé's concern for youth and peace were two of
the three central themes of her mandate - the third was national unity. She
travelled extensively, making her role as governor general - a symbol of our
common identity - accessible to all Canadians. In her installation speech, she
spoke about the need for Canadians to forego a narrow sense of their nation and
become more tolerant. "This is the price of our happiness," she said,
"but happiness will never be found in the spirit of 'every man for
himself'."
During Mme Sauvé's term of office, the United Nations
General Assembly declared 1986 as the "International Year of Peace".
One initiative developed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and other
partners was a publication entitled, What Peace Means to Me (Ma vision de la
paix). The publication, with a forward written by Mme Sauvé, contained essays
written by various members of the Order of Canada, as well as the winning
essays and posters from a contest sponsored by the United Nations Association
in Canada.
In 1986, on behalf of the 'People of Canada', Mme
Sauvé accepted the Nansen Medal, a prestigious international humanitarian award
given in recognition of major and sustained efforts made on behalf of refugees.
...
During her term as governor general, Mme Sauvé made
State visits to Italy, the Vatican and the People's Republic of China. In
Thailand, she received an honorary doctorate in political science from the
University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, and in France, she received the Médaille
de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris, from La Sorbonne in Paris. She
also made a State visit to Uruguay and Brazil; to commemorate the Brazil visit,
she established the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship / Bourse
commémorative du gouverneur général Jeanne Sauvé, an award to be given each
year to a Brazilian graduate student of Canadian studies.
Mme Sauvé also received a number of distinguished
visitors, including The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth, the
Queen Mother; Prince Andrew; The Duke and Duchess of York; King Carl Gustaf of
Sweden; Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands; King Hussein of Jordan; Pope John
Paul II; U.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuéllar; U.S. President Ronald
Reagan; French President François Mitterrand; Chinese President Li Xiannian;
and Romanian President Nicolae Ceaucescu, as well as the presidents of Israel,
Tanzania, Italy, the People's Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Cameroon,
Iceland and the Philippines.
...
As well, in 1988, Mme Sauvé met with Mother Teresa of
Calcutta, at the Citadelle of Québec.
...
Mme Sauvé personally hosted her young guests and wore
a paper party hat to celebrate the special occasion.
During his wife's mandate, M. Maurice Sauvé continued
to pursue his own business concerns while participating in many Canadian
cultural activities.
...
Mme Sauvé was a founding member of the Institute of
Political Research and for over 20 years had a distinguished career as a journalist
with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. She was elected as a Liberal member
of Parliament for Ahunstic (Montréal) in 1972 and was subsequently appointed
Minister of State for Science and Technology. She was re-elected in July 1974
and given the environment portfolio. Then, in 1975, she was appointed Minister
of Communications with responsibility for French speaking countries in the
Department of External Affairs.
After completing her term of office as Governor
General in 1990, the Sauvés retired to Montréal, where she worked to forward
the interests of the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation. She died three years later
after an extended illness, her husband having pre-deceased her in 1992.
Governors General
www.heraldry.ca, 19 July 2010 [cached]
www.heraldry.ca, 19 July 2010 [cached]
Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues
surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements
incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal
mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of
UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of
Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall,
she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special
education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established
the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence
in Canada.
Mme. Sauvé's concern for youth and peace were two of
the three central themes of her mandate - the third was national unity. She
travelled extensively, making her role as governor general - a symbol of our
common identity - accessible to all Canadians. In her installation speech, she
spoke about the need for Canadians to forego a narrow sense of their nation and
become more tolerant. "This is the price of our happiness," she said,
"but happiness will never be found in the spirit of 'every man for
himself'."
During Mme Sauvé's term of office, the United Nations
General Assembly declared 1986 as the "International Year of Peace".
One initiative developed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and other
partners was a publication entitled, What Peace Means to Me (Ma vision de la
paix). The publication, with a forward written by Mme Sauvé, contained essays
written by various members of the Order of Canada, as well as the winning
essays and posters from a contest sponsored by the United Nations Association
in Canada.
In 1986, on behalf of the 'People of Canada', Mme
Sauvé accepted the Nansen Medal, a prestigious international humanitarian award
given in recognition of major and sustained efforts made on behalf of refugees.
...
During her term as governor general, Mme Sauvé made
State visits to Italy, the Vatican and the People's Republic of China. In
Thailand, she received an honorary doctorate in political science from the
University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, and in France, she received the Médaille
de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris, from La Sorbonne in Paris. She
also made a State visit to Uruguay and Brazil; to commemorate the Brazil visit,
she established the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship / Bourse
commémorative du gouverneur général Jeanne Sauvé, an award to be given each
year to a Brazilian graduate student of Canadian studies.
Mme Sauvé also received a number of distinguished
visitors, including The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth, the
Queen Mother; Prince Andrew; The Duke and Duchess of York; King Carl Gustaf of
Sweden; Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands; King Hussein of Jordan; Pope John
Paul II; U.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuéllar; U.S. President Ronald
Reagan; French President François Mitterrand; Chinese President Li Xiannian;
and Romanian President Nicolae Ceaucescu, as well as the presidents of Israel,
Tanzania, Italy, the People's Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Cameroon,
Iceland and the Philippines.
...
As well, in 1988, Mme Sauvé met with Mother Teresa of
Calcutta, at the Citadelle of Québec.
...
Mme Sauvé personally hosted her young guests and wore
a paper party hat to celebrate the special occasion.
During his wife's mandate, M. Maurice Sauvé continued
to pursue his own business concerns while participating in many Canadian
cultural activities.
...
Mme Sauvé was a founding member of the Institute of
Political Research and for over 20 years had a distinguished career as a
journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. She was elected as a
Liberal member of Parliament for Ahunstic (Montréal) in 1972 and was subsequently
appointed Minister of State for Science and Technology. She was re-elected in
July 1974 and given the environment portfolio. Then, in 1975, she was appointed
Minister of Communications with responsibility for French speaking countries in
the Department of External Affairs.
After completing her term of office as Governor
General in 1990, the Sauvés retired to Montréal, where she worked to forward
the interests of the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation. She died three years later
after an extended illness, her husband having pre-deceased her in 1992.
--------
“Governor General Sauvé made
special efforts to promote the interests of youth. Workplace safety and world
peace were other issues that were particularly dear to her. She created awards
for academic achievement, fair play in amateur sport, and women's field hockey.
Prior to leaving office, she established the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation. . .
.”
http://archive.gg.ca/rh/vr/rm-rece-06_e....
The Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé:
“Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall, she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence in Canada.”
“Mme Sauvé's entusiasm for the value of sports led her to establish the Jeanne Sauvé Trophy for the World Cup Championship in women's field hockey, and the Jeanne Sauvé Cup for the Canadian Ringette Champions. She also created the Jeanne Sauvé Fair Play Award to recognize national amateur athletes who best demonstrate fair play and non-violence in sport. And she encouraged a safer society in Canada by establishing the Governor General's Award for Safety in the Workplace."
http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=14615
http://archive.gg.ca/rh/vr/rm-rece-06_e....
The Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé:
“Mme Sauvé was a staunch advocate of issues surrounding youth and world peace, and the dove of peace is one of the elements incorporated into Madame Sauvé's coat-of-arms. Long before her viceregal mandate, she worked as assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat of UNESCO, served as secretary of the Canadian Committee for the World Assembly of Youth, and initiated and hosted a discussion show for youth. At Rideau Hall, she established two awards for students wishing to enter the field of special education for exceptional children. At the end of her mandate, she established the Jeanne Sauvé Youth Foundation, dedicated to the cause of youth excellence in Canada.”
“Mme Sauvé's entusiasm for the value of sports led her to establish the Jeanne Sauvé Trophy for the World Cup Championship in women's field hockey, and the Jeanne Sauvé Cup for the Canadian Ringette Champions. She also created the Jeanne Sauvé Fair Play Award to recognize national amateur athletes who best demonstrate fair play and non-violence in sport. And she encouraged a safer society in Canada by establishing the Governor General's Award for Safety in the Workplace."
http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=14615
-------------
--------------
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Military News: How to find sheeeeet and how to find actual facts, news, and
information Canada style- us old Canadians learned the hard way how to find
anything and everything kiddo
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A Brief History
of Canada 1980 to 1999
of Canada 1980 to 1999
1980
Jeanne Sauvé
became Canada's first female Speaker of the House.
Canadian ambassador to Iran, Ken
Taylor, helped 6 Americans escape from Tehran on January 28, making him an
overnight international celebrity.
On April 12, Terry Fox dipped
his right (prosthetic) foot into the Atlantic Ocean at St. John's, Newfoundland,
to begin his Marathon of Hope: a cross-Canada run to raise money for cancer
research. On September 1 (Labour Day), after running the equivalent of a
marathon a day, Terry made the heart-wrenching announcement from the back of an
ambulance in Thunder Bay, Ontario, that the cancer had spread to his lungs.
Terry would have to put off the remainder of his Marathon of Hope until later.
(see 1981)
Canada boycotted the Moscow Olympic Games following Russia's invasion of Afghanistan.
A referendum in Québec rejected
sovereignty association on May 22.
O Canada was
officially adopted as Canada's national anthem on June 27. (Detailed history of
O Canada) The
Supreme Court of Canada recognized 'palimony', the equal distribution of assets
in failed common-law relationships.
Acid Rain: An International
Joint Committee between Canada and the United States concluded that acid rain
was one of the most serious problems plaguing North America. Ontario began
liming its lakes in an attempt to neutralize the acid.
1981
Terry Fox died of cancer at the midpoint of his cross-Canada Marathon of Hope on June 28.
Terry's efforts raised almost $25 million (Canadian) for cancer research. His
'Marathon of Hope' continues to be an annual event in nations around the world.
Terry was only 22 years old.
Québec banned all public signs
in English on September 23.
Except for Québec, the federal
government and all provincial governments agreed on a method to repatriate
Canada's constitution on November 5.
Acid Rain: U.S.
President Ronald Reagan's Department of the Interior disagreed with Canada's
claims of the seriousness of the problem and demanded more research before
committing to any action. The Canadian Coalition on Acid Rain became the first
Canadian lobby group registered in Washington DC.
1982
The offshore oil rig Ocean
Ranger sank, killing 84, on February 15.
Bertha Wilson
became Canada's first Justice of the Supreme Court on March 4.
The government of Québec's
demand for a veto over constitutional change was rejected on April 7.
Canada gained a new Charter of
Rights and Freedoms.
Despite opposition by Québec
Premier René Lévèques, PM Trudeau managed to patriate Canada's Constitution.
The Constitution Act was signed by Queen Elizabeth II during a special ceremony
on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario, on April 17.
The worst recession since the
Great Depression began.
Acid Rain: Canada
committed to reducing sulphur emissions by 50% by 1990. The U.S. government
announced that more time was needed to do the same thing and began to
deregulate prior pollution programs.
1983
Pay TV began
operation in Canada on February 1.
Canadians protested the
government's approval of U.S. cruise missile testing in western Canada.
Jeanne Sauvé was
appointed the first female Governor General of Canada on December 23.
The Supreme Court of Canada
ruled that a 'rape-shield' law was unconstitutional. (see 1990-1993)
Acid Rain: 19,000
Ontario lakes were found to be biologically damaged due to acid rain.
1984
Liberal John Turner
succeeded prime minister Pierre Trudeau on Trudeau's retirement, June 30.
Turner gambled and called a new election but lost the election on September 4.
Turner had been prime minister for only 2 months.
Conservative Brian Mulroney won the election of September 4 and achieved an even larger majority
than Diefenbaker had in 1958 (211 seats in the House of Commons). (read Mulroney's biography)
The Pope visited Canada from
September 9 to September 20.
Marc Garneau
became the first Canadian in space when he rode along on the U.S. space shuttle
Challenger on October 5.
French-Canadian performers Guy
Laliberté and Daniel Gauthier created the Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun).
(There are currently 7 groups on tour around the world with permanent
facilities in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Disney World in Florida.)
Acid Rain: Canada
re-affirmed its pledge to reduce sulphur emissions by 50% and formally requests
that the United States do the same. Again, the U.S. requested more time.
1985
Inspired by Terry Fox, Rick
Hansen began his Man in Motion Tour around-the-world tour, departing from
Vancouver, British Columbia on March 21 in a wheelchair. (see 1987)
The United States challenged
Canada's sovereignty over the Arctic by sending the ice-breaker Polar Sea
through the Northwest Passage.
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U.S.
President Ronald Reagan declared mutual
support of the orbital Strategic Defense Initiatives (Star Wars) and Free Trade
at the Shamrock Summit in Québec City on December 2. The Summit was so named
because of both Mulroney's and Reagan's ethnic backgrounds.
Forty years of Conservative
Premiership ended in Ontario with the election of Liberal David Peterson. (see
also 1988 & 1989)
Lincoln Alexander
became Canada's first black Lieutenant-Governor.
1986
The Canadian dollar hit an
all-time low of 70.2¢ U.S. on international money markets, January 31.
Expo '86 opened in
Vancouver on May 2. (Closed on October 13.)
The United States imposed
tariffs on some imported Canadian wood products on May 22.
Canada adopted sanctions against
South Africa for its apartheid policies on August 5.
Tamil refugees
were found adrift off the coast of Newfoundland on August 11.
Canada received a United Nations award for
sheltering world refugees on October 6.
Canadian John Polanyi shared the
Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
1987
Two years and one day after
starting his Man in Motion Tour, paraplegic Rick Hansen arrived in Vancouver,
British Columbia on March 22. During his tour, Hansen had wheeled across (or
within) every continent except South America and Antarctica.
PM Brian Mulroney and the provincial Premiers agreed in principle to the Meech Lake Accord which
would bring the province of Québec into Canada's new Constitution on April 30.
A tornado ripped through
Edmonton, Alberta, killing 26 and injuring hundreds of others on July 20.
Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson
set a new world record for the 100-metre dash on August 30.
Canada and the United States
reach a Free Trade agreement on October 3, but the agreement still required
ratification.
Meanwhile, stock prices
plummeted throughout the world on October 19.
1988
The Supreme Court of Canada
ruled that existing legislation against abortion was unconstitutional on
January 28.
The Winter Olympics in Calgary
opened on February 13.
During the summer, marathon
swimmer Vicki Keith swam across all 5 Great Lakes to raise money for charity,
covering a total of 253 kilometres (157 miles) in 160 hours and 22 minutes.
David See-Chai Lam,
born in Hong Kong, became British Columbia's Lieutenant-Governor on September
9.
Sprinter Ben Johnson
set another world record and won the gold medal at the Soeul Olympics in Korea
on September 24. However, Johnson tested positive for steroids on September 26
and was stripped of his medal.
Québec's 'French only' sign law was reversed by the Supreme Court of Canada on December 15.
However, Qué found a 'loophole' in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the
'notwithstanding' clause) and reinstated the law on December 21. As a result,
the ratification of the Meech Lake Accord was slowed by Manitoba Premier Gary
Filmon.
The Free Trade legislation
between Canada and the United States was passed by both the House of Commons
and the Senate in late December.
Acid Rain: Canada
and the United States finally met for serious discussions and the United States
finally agreed to a significant reduction in sulphur emissions.
1989
Free Trade became effective on January 1.
Heather Erxleben
became Canada's first acknowledged female combat soldier.
Canadian one-dollar bills were
replaced with the new one-dollar coin, popularly named the 'Loonie' because of
the engraving of a loon on the 'tail' side.
The Canadian public protested
strongly when the Mulroney government announced cuts in funding to VIA Rail
(Canada's passenger rail service) on June 5.
Audrey McLaughlin
replaced NDP (New Democratic Party) Party Leader Ed Broadbent to become the first
female to lead a federal political party on December 2.
The University of Montreal
Massacre occurred on December 6 when 14 female engineering students were
separated from their male colleagues and slaughtered by a gunman who had a vendetta
against women.
1990-1993
Future prime minister Kim
Campbell became Canada's first female Minister of Justice.
Following the student nurses
massacre in Montreal in 1989, Kim ammended the Criminal Code to call for tighter
gun control measures in 1991.
In 1983, the Supreme Court of
Canada had ruled that a 'rape-shield' law was unconstitutional. Kim consulted
with women's groups, law agencies and ministry officials before drafting Bill
C-49 against sexual assault. By placing the focus of the bill on the meaning of
consent, the bill remained constitutional while still protecting victims'
rights and passed second reading in the House of Commons with a rare unanimous
vote by all three federal parties.
1990
The Meech Lake Accord is slowed
further by Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells. However, the Accord was dealt a
final and fatal blow by Elijah Harper, a Native member of the Manitoba
legislature, who absolutely refused to recognize Québec as Canada's principal
(if not only 'distinct society') on June 22. As a result, the Bloc
Québecois was created by a handful of disenchanted French-Canadian politicians
on July 25.
Bob Rae upset
David Peterson with a surprising majority and became Ontario's first NDP (New
Democratic Party) Premier in September.
Despite protests and Liberal
stalling, the Senate passed the Conservative's highly-unpopular Goods and
Service Tax (GST) in December.
The government finally and
officially announced that Canada was in recession.
1991
The Goods and Service Tax (GST)
became effective on January 1, wreaking havoc with retailers and consumers
across the nation. (The GST effectively added a second 'tax' to sales receipts,
applying even to the purchase of postage stamps.)
Canadian forces joined the Gulf
War, a multinational effort to drive Saddam Hussein's Iraqi troops from Kuwait
on January 15.
British Columbia's Premier Bill
Van Der Zalm resigned in the midst of a real estate scandal.
George Erasmus, leader of the Assembly of First
Nations, resigned at the end of his second
term in May. He was succeeded by Ovide Mercredi whose popularity earned him the
nickname of "Canada's 11'th premier".
David Schindler,
of the University of Alberta, won the first international Stockholm Water Prize
for environmental research.
A Six Nations man became the first
Native to be allowed to make a traditional native oath instead of swearing on
the Bible in a Brantford, Ontario courtroom in November.
The Tungavik signed an agreement
with Ottawa which would allow the creation of a new, quasi-independent Inuit
territory in the eastern Arctic regions. (Nunavut)
Acid Rain:
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U.S. President George Bush signed
the Canada/U.S. Air Quality Agreement, requiring the United States to reduce
emissions by 40% of the 1980 levels by 2010. The U.S. Clean Air Act was
ammended and the Canadian Colaition on Acid Rain was disbanded.
1992
Phase One of the James Bay Project, one of the world's biggest hydro-electric projects,
was completed, causing one of the worst man-made environmental disasters in
Canadian history. Phase Two (Great Whale) was halted when environmentalists and
Indian chiefs convinced New York State and Vermont to cancel their contracts to
buy hydro from the project and to purchase it from Hydro-Quebec instead.
Roberta Bondar
became Canada's first female astronaut in space.
Ontario lawyers voted in January
to no-longer be required to swear an oath to the Queen.
Canada became the first nation
to sign the international bio-diversity convention at the Earth Summit in
Brazil in June.
The Toronto Blue Jays became the
first Canadian baseball team to win the World Series. (Ironically, all the
players were American.)
A national referendum held on
October 26 saw Canadians voting 'No' to the Charlottetown Agreement, a second
attempt to correct the Canadian Constitution after the failure of the Meech
Lake Accord.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) went into effect.
1993
The Nunavut Settlement Agreement
with the Inuit set into motion the plans to divide the Northwest Territories to
form a third territory, Nunavut.
Catherine Callbeck
became Canada's first female Premier in Prince Edward Island.
Environmental activists demonstrating in Victoria, British Columbia, caused minor damage to
the government buildings in March.
Kim Campbell
replaced Brian Mulroney as the Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and
became Canada's first female Prime Minister in June. (read Campbell's
biography) Unfortunately for Kim, the Conservative mandate to govern had
expired and Kim was obliged to call an election.
Part of north-western British
Columbia was set aside as a world heritage conservation site.
Conservationalists
protesting 'clear-cut logging' blocked loggers' access to ancient forest areas
near Clayoquot Sound during July and August.
The Toronto Blue Jays won the
World Series for the second year in a row on October 3.
The Progressive Conservative
Party was dealt a devastating blow after 9 years in power in the election of
October 25. After NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the GST
(Goods and Service Tax), Canadians were fed up with the Conservatives and they
were reduced to only 2 seats in the House of Commons. They now had less than is
required to be recognized as an official party.
Liberal Jean Chrétien
won a landslide victory. (read Chrétien's
biography)
The Bloc Québecois under Lucien
Bouchard and the Reform Party under Preston Manning only one seat apart in
distant second and third.
1994
The Canadian pilot of a crashed
Korean airliner was arrested for endangering the lives of his passengers.
The government lowered cigarette
taxes in an attempt to stem rampant smuggling from the United States.
Inter-provincial trade barriers were reduced.
The Inuit of Northern Québec
arranged for self-government.
The Parti Québecois won a narrow
majority in Québec.
1995
Following some disastrous
military hazing rituals, public outcry caused the disbandment of the Canadian
Airborne Regiment.
The Maritime provinces became
embroiled in fishery disputes.
The government of Newfoundland
took control of schools from the church.
Québec Premier Jacques Parizeau
explained the narrow failure of the Québec sovereignty referendum with some
very damaging, demeaning and ill-advised remarks against non-francophone
voters. Parizeau resigned in disgrace and was replaced by Lucien Bouchard.
The Québec Cree and Inuit
peoples held their own referendum and rejected separation from Canada.
Alexa McDonough
was elected Leader of the NDP (New Democratic Party) in October.
In November, an intruder eluded
RCMP guards and gained entrance to the Prime Minister's residence.
1996
The maple leaf was officially
proclaimed the national arboreal emblem of Canada on April 25.
Most provinces announced huge
spending cuts in order to balance provincial budgets.
The government of British
Columbia settled a major land-claim agreement with the Nisga'a Nation.
The federal government replaced
the 2-dollar bill with the new 2-dollar coin in February. The coin was quickly
nicknamed 'Toonie' to rhyme with the previous dollar coin, the 'Loonie'. (see
1989)
Mike Harcourt, NDP
premier for British Columbia, resigned when allegations of charity funds being
diverted to the New Democratic Party plagued him. He was succeeded by Glen
Clark.
The Somalia inquiry began.
The federal government passed
legislation banning discrimination against homosexuals.
The Chicoutimi region of Québec
was hit by devastating floods.
A major international AIDs
conference was held in Vancouver in July.
Canadian Louise Arbour became
the United Nations chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunals
for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in October.
Acid Rain: The
United States had cut sulphur emissions by 26% of 1980 levels.
1997
The 13-kilometre (8-mile) Confederation
Bridge connecting Prince Edward Island to mainland Canada was opened to
traffic. Having to deal with heavy winter ice, the bridge is a marvel of
engineering.
Massive flooding of the Red
River drew very close to the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, in May.
Tensions rose between Canada and the United States over salmon fishing disputes in the Pacific
Northwest.
Teachers in Ontario staged a huge walkout to protest the highly-unpopular policies of Premier
Mike Harris' government.
A murder in Victoria, British
Columbia in November drew public attention to the growing violence of teenaged
girls.
The Supreme Court of Canada ruled
in December that Native oral history was legitimate grounds for making land
claims in British Columbia.
Acid Rain: Canada
had cut sulphur emissions by 54% of 1980 levels.
1998
In January, the federal
government issued a formal apology to native peoples for past injustices (such
as the residential school system in which thousands of young natives were taken
from their homes and forced to attend far-away 'English' schools).
A powerful ice storm in February
paralyzed huge portions of Québec and Ontario. Some places were without
electrical power for weeks. Hundreds of hydro workers from the United States
joined in the efforts to repair the damage.
Native loggers protested restrictions in the forest areas of New Brunswick in April.
The Nisga'a treaty fell under
controversy when the Nisga'a began to demand some measure of self-government.
A Human Rights Tribunal
concluded that the Public Service Alliance of Canada had the right to call for pay
equity in July.
The value of the Canadian dollar
on international markets reached an all-time low in August.
Swissair flight MD-11
crashed into the sea in September just off Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia, killing
229 people. Canada was commended for its rescue efforts.
1999
The new territory of Nunavut was
created on April 1, changing the map of Canada for the first time in 20 years.
Waves of illegal immigrants
arrived on the shores of British Columbia in August.
Native peoples continued logging in the British Columbia interior in defiance of
government authorities. Meanwhile, Natives in the Maritimes continued to fish
in despite government warnings.
Canadian chief prosecutor for
the United Nations Louise Arbour issued an arrest warrant for Yugoslav
President Slobodan Milosevic for crimes against humanity in May.
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BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA-
A Brief History
of Canada- Pre-History to 1599
of Canada- Pre-History to 1599
Early Exploration
Introduction
In the beginning,
North America and Canada did not exist... at least in the minds of Europeans.
They knew of Cathay and of the rich trade possibilities there, but the ocean to
the west was a barrier which seemed too vast to cross. When overland trade
routes became blocked and the voyage around Africa was found to be long and
dangerous, the European nations began to look westward for a shorter journey.
Little did they know that they would discover a whole new world complete with
its own unique peoples and riches.
This section deals
with the discovery and early explorations of Canada and the attempts by both
the English and French to settle in and lay claim to the New World. It deals
with the first encounters with the Native People and the fragile relationships
which developed between the Natives and Europeans, and even among the Europeans
themselves. It deals with the development of the fur trade which would
effectively change Canada's history forever.
Note: Clicking 
following
an event opens a New Window containing more detailed information concerning
that event. Related stories are linked in sequence.
following
an event opens a New Window containing more detailed information concerning
that event. Related stories are linked in sequence.
Pre-History
In Canada, 'Indians' are know as
'Aboriginal People', 'Native People', or 'People of the First Nations'.
Current archaeological evidence
indicates that Natives first arrived in North America 40,000 years BCE (Before
the Common Era) by crossing a land bridge which had formed between Asia and
Alaska during the latest Ice Age.
--- 9000-8000 BCE - Hurons
(originally known as the Wendat) settled into Southern Ontario along the
Eramosa River (near Guelph). They were concentrated between Lake Simcoe and
Georgian Bay. Most of the land was still covered in glaciers and the Wendat
hunted caribou to survive.
--- 7000 BCE - The west coast of
Canada was being settled and various cultures built themselves around the
salmon fishing available there. The Nuu'chah'nulth (Nootka) of Vancouver Island
began whaling.
--- 6000 BCE - Different
cultures were built around the buffalo by the Plains Indians. They hunted
buffalo by herding migrating buffalo off cliffs. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump,
near Lethbridge, Alberta, is the most famous hunting grounds and was in use for
5,000 years.
--- 5000 BCE - The oldest
ceremonial burial site was discovered at L'Anse Amour on the coast of Labrador
containing the remains of a 12-year-old boy. He was lying face-down and a slab
of rock was laid across his back. Red ochre had been sprinkled on the back of
his head and in a circle around the body. Buried with him were a decorative
caribou antler pestle, a bone pendant, bird bones, a harpoon head, a bone
whistle, and a walrus tusk. It is unknown what standing the boy had in the
community to have been buried in such an elaborate and time-consuming manner.
--- 2000 BCE - Inuit arrived by
small boats long after the land bridge had disappeared and settled in the
Arctic regions.
--- 800 BCE - The glaciers had
receeded and the weather had warmed. The Hurons had became farmers instead of
hunters, cultivating corn which will not grow wild.
--- 500 BCE-1000 AD - Natives
had settled across most of Canada. Hundreds of tribes had developed, each with
its own culture, customs, legends, and character. In the northwest were the
Athapaskan, Slavey, Dogrib, Tutchone, Tlinget and Guii'Chen. In the Arctic were
the Inuit. Along the Pacific coast were the Haida, Salish, Kwakiutl, Nootka,
Nis'ga and Gitskan. In the plains were the Blackfoot, Blood, Sarcee and Peigen.
In the northern woodlands were the Cree and Chipwyan. Around the Great Lakes
were the Annishnaube, Algonquin, Iroquois and Wendat (Huron). Along the
Atlantic coast were the Beothuk, Maliseet, Innu, Abenaki and Micmac. All of
them, however diverse, had named the 4 corners of their country: Denendeh,
Us-Qui, Nunavut and Kanata.
1000 AD (approx.) -
The Vikings
--- Vikings landed in the New
World and attempted conquest over the Natives in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Native raids forced them to abandon their attempts to settle.
1360
--- The Church of Rome sent
Norwegian Paul Knutsson to reclaim Greenland. Records indicate that Knutsson
sailed westward into Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay and then south into James
Bay. It is believed that Knutsson travelled inland along the Albany River all
the way to Lake Nipigon, north of Lake Superior.
1398
--- Micmac legends indicate that
a 'White Man' (believed to be Norwegian Henry Sinclair) landed in present-day
Nova Scotia. Sinclair was told of red-haired, green-eyed men with beards (Lief
Ericsson?) who had arrived centuries earlier and taught the Micmac how to fish
with nets. Navigation records in Venice, Italy, may substantiate this.
1420
--- Basque whalers began fishing
off the coast of Labrador.
1492 - Christopher
Columbus - New World
--- Christopher Columbus
'officially' discovered North America but mistook it for the Orient. Landing in
the Carribean, he mistakenly thought he was in the Indies. This began a new era
of exploration for Europe.
1494
--- Spain gained control of
virtually all of North and South America through the Treaty of Tordesillas.
1497 - John Cabot -
Claiming Canada
--- May 2 - John Cabot (Giovanni
Caboto Montecataluna), along with his sons Sebastian and Sancio, set sail from
Bristol, England, aboard the ship Matthew. Unlike the Spanish, who were
concentrating their conquests in South and Central America, Cabot sailed west.
--- June 24, St. John's Day -
Cabot went ashore, probably on Cape Breton Island, and claimed Terre Nova in
the name of King Henry VII.
1498
--- John Cabot died. Cabot began
his second voyage to Terre Nova, but a severe storm damaged one ship which
managed to return to England. Four other ships, including Cabot's, were lost at
sea.
1501 - Slavery
--- Approximately 50 natives
(probably Beothuk) were forcibly kidnapped, probably from the shores of
Labrador, and taken to Lisbon by Alberto Cantino. The natives' upper bodies
were superbly built for hard labour and the Portuguese believed they had found a
new source of slaves. However, most had died en route and those who survived
and landed in Lisbon died soon afterward from various European diseases.
Another ship, captained by Gaspar Gorte Real and carrying 50 more 'slaves', was
lost at sea.
1502
--- England recorded its first
shipment of fish from the New World.
--- Three natives were presented
to King Henry VII as slaves.
1504 (circa) - St.
John's Harbour
--- A small fish-processing
village was set up at present-day St. John's, Newfoundland. The harbour and the
processing plant were used by all the major European countries who fished the
Grand Banks. St. John's Harbour became a focal point for ships leaving and
arriving in the New World.
1506
--- Portugal began to levy taxes
against all the fish caught in the Grand Banks.
1507 - Terra Nova
--- A world map, compiled in
Rome, shows the eastern coast of Canada including Hudson Bay. Newfoundland is
marked as Terra Nova (New World).
1508
--- Sebastian Caboto (son of
John Cabot) sailed north from Labrador and is believed to have reached Hudson
Bay, which he believed to be the Pacific Ocean. Lack of food and a mutinous
crew forced his return to England.
--- Slave trader Thomas Aubert
of Dieppe may have travelled up the St. Lawrence River as far as present-day
Quebec.
1518 - Wild Horses of
Sable Island
--- Baron de Lery, of Portugal,
established a colony on the northern tip of Nova Scotia and another on Sable
Island, off the southern tip. Horses and cows were taken to both colonies. The
colonies failed soon after, but the horses on Sable Island survived and their
descendents still live wild there today.
1520
--- Portuguese maps indicate the
Gulf of St. Lawrence - 4 years before Jacques Cartier would discover it.
1523 - New France
& Acadia
--- Giovanni da Verrazzano
claimed the New World on behalf of King François I of France and named the land
'Nova Gallia' ('New France'). Verrazzano also named Arcadie (Acadia). He also
reported several close 'run-ins' with the Spanish who were sailing the northern
waters.
1525
--- Spanish slave trader Estoban
Gomez captured a number of Natives from Nova Scotia and Maine.
1534 - Jacques
Cartier's 1st Voyage - Chief Donnacona
--- April 20 - Jacques Cartier's
first voyage to the New World in search of a passage to Cathay (the Orient). He
discovered and charted the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He met Iroquoian Chief
Donnacona and kidnapped his sons in order to take them back to France as proof
of the New World.
--- The name 'Canada' was born.
The name ('Kanata') was first used in maps and journals by Jacques Cartier.
1535 - Jacques
Cartier's 2nd Voyage - Stadacona & Hochelaga
--- May - Jacques Cartier
returned to the New World with Dom Agaya and Taignoagny, the sons of Chief
Donnacona whom Cartier had kidnapped in 1534. With Dom Agaya and Taignoagny as
guides, Cartier sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and discovered the St.
Lawrence River, which would ultimately be Cartier's most significant discovery.
He also discovered the Iroquoian villages of Stadacona (present-day Quebec) and
Hochelaga (present-day Montreal)
1535-1536 - Jacques
Cartier - Winter & Scurvy
--- Cartier was stranded in
Canada over the winter and discovered a cure for scurvy. In May 1536, Cartier
returned to France after having once again kidnapped Dom Agaya and Taignoagny,
along with their father, Chief Donnacona.
--- Canada's first tourists
arrived in Newfoundland. Thirty gentlemen, under the charge of Richard Hore of
London, soon ran out of food and were forced to resort to cannibalism. After a
French fishing boat rescued them, the ship was captured and the crew abandoned
to an unknown fate. Hore returned to England.
1540 or 1541
--- Iroquoian Chief Donnacona
died of undisclosed caused and was buried in France.
1541 - Jacques
Cartier's 3rd Voyage - First Settlement in Canada
--- Cartier's third voyage in
which he founded Charlesbourg-Royal at the mouth of the Cap Rouge River, the
first attempted settlement in Canada.
1542 - Jacques Cartier
- Failure, Retirement & Suspension
--- Iroquoians, enraged over the
death of Chief Donnacona, kept Charlesbourg-Royal under seige throughout the
Winter. Cartier abandoned Charlesbourg-Royal and returned to France with
'gold'.
1543
--- The first New France had
collapsed completely. French exploration in the New World was abandoned
temporarily.
1544
--- The Basque founded Tadoussac
at the mouth of the Saguenay River. Tadoussac had long been a trading centre,
but the Basques 'winterized' it and built a trading post and fish processing
plant.
1557
--- September 1 - Jacques
Cartier died in St. Malo. He was 66.
1565
--- The first oil spill in
Canada occured in the Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador, when a Basque galleon
sank with 189,000 litres (50,000 gallons) of oil aboard.
1567
--- Samuel de Champlain was born
in Brouage, France.
1576 - Martin
Frobisher - Northwest Passage
--- Martin Frobisher of England
made the first of three attempts to find a Northwest Passage over the top of
North America. He discovered the Inuit (previously named 'Eskimos' by early
explorers) who he mistook for Asians.
1577 - Martin
Frobisher - Meta Incognita
--- Frobisher's second voyage.
The Arctic was claimed for England and named 'Meta Incognita' ('Of Limits
Unknown').
1578 - Martin
Frobisher - Gold Fever
--- Frobisher's third voyage.
Frobisher was to settle Meta Incognita and begin mining the gold. The first
English attempt to settle Canada failed dismally when the 'gold' turned out to
be iron pyrite.
--- Troilus de Mesgouez, Marquis
de la Roche, was appointed Viceroy of New France and was given the authority to
colonize it. (see 1598)
--- Aristocrat Humphrey Gilbert
was granted a patent by Queen Elizabeth I to settle the New World. (see 1583)
1582 - Ten Lost Days
--- England adopted the
Gregorian Calendar. As a result, October 4 was followed by October 15. Ten
entire days in 1582 simply did not exist.
1583 - Sir Humphrey
Gilbert - First English Settlement
--- Humphrey Gilbert settled at
St. John's Harbour, Newfoundland and proclaimed himself Lord Paramount. His
self-serving actions lead to the early downfall of the first English settlement
Canada. (see 1578)
1584
--- Gilbert set sail to the
south, but the ship carrying the maps and charts ran aground. Not able to
continue, Gilbert turned back but his ship sank during a storm near the Azores.
Gilbert was lost. (see also 1578 and 1583)
1598
--- Marquis de la Roche de
Mesgouez was appointed Lieutenant General of New France by King Henri IV.
--- March - De la Roche settled
on Sable Island with 60 colonists, mostly prisoners escaping prison terms and
death. Only 12 people survived the first winter and the settlement was
abandoned the next year. De la Roche forfeited his title.
1599 - Marie de
l'Incarnation
--- François Grave du Pont
(a.k.a. Pontgrave) and Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit were appointed Lieutenant
General of New France.
--- Marie Guyard (Marie de
l'Incarnation) was born in Tours, France. Widowed at age 32 with a 13-year-old
son, Claude, Marie placed Claude in the care of her sister and took the veil,
taking the name Marie de l'Incarnation. (see 1639)
- 1599
|
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ICE AGE- Canada
The last glacial period, popularly known as the Ice Age, was the most recent glacial ... years of the Pleistocene,
from approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago ... Canada was
nearly completely covered by ice, as well as the northern part of ...
Pleistocene
Epoch: Facts About the Last Ice Age
The Pleistocene
Epoch is typically defined as the time period that began about 1.8 million
years ago and lasted until about 11,700 years ago. The most recent Ice Age
occurred then, as glaciers covered huge parts of the planet Earth.
There
have been at least five documented major ice agesduring the 4.6 billion years since the
Earth was formed — and most likely many more before humans came on the scene
about 2.3 million years ago.
The Pleistocene
Epoch is the first in which Homo
sapiens evolved,
and by the end of the epoch humans could be found in nearly every part of the
planet. The Pleistocene Epoch was the first epoch in the Quaternary Period and
the sixth in the Cenozoic Era. It was followed by the current stage, called the Holocene Epoch.
Worldwide
ice sheets
At the
time of the Pleistocene, the continents had moved to their current positions. At one
point during the Ice Age, sheets of ice covered all of Antarctica, large parts
of Europe, North America, and South America, and small areas in Asia. In North
America they stretched over Greenland and Canada and parts of the northern
United States. The remains of glaciers of the Ice Age can still be seen in
parts of the world, including Greenland and Antarctica.
But the
glaciers did not just sit there. There was a lot of movement over time, and
there were about 20 cycles when the glaciers would advance and retreat as they
thawed and refroze. Scientists identified the Pleistocene Epoch’s four key
stages, or ages — Gelasian, Calabrian, Ionian and Tarantian.
The
name Pleistocene is
the combination of two Greek words: pleistos(meaning “most”)
and kainos (meaning “new” or
“recent”). It was first used in 1839 by Sir Charles Lyell, a British geologist
and lawyer.
As a result
of Lyell’s work, the glacial theory
gained acceptance between 1839 and 1846, and scientists came to recognize the
existence of ice ages. During this period, British geologist Edward Forbes
aligned the period with other known ice ages. In 2009, the International Union
of Geological Sciences established the start of the Pleistocene
Epoch at 1.806
million years before the present.
of Lyell’s work, the glacial theory
gained acceptance between 1839 and 1846, and scientists came to recognize the
existence of ice ages. During this period, British geologist Edward Forbes
aligned the period with other known ice ages. In 2009, the International Union
of Geological Sciences established the start of the Pleistocene
Epoch at 1.806
million years before the present.
Defining
an epoch
While
scientists haven’t been able to determine the exact causes of an epoch, changes
in ocean current, composition of the atmosphere, changes in the position of the
Earth in relation to the sun are believed to be key contributors.
Overall,
the climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Since most of the water
on Earth's surface was ice, there was little precipitation and rainfall was
about half of what it is today. During peak periods with most of the water
frozen, global average temperatures were 5 to 10 degrees C (41 to 50 F) below
today’s temperature norms.
There
were winters and summers during that period. The variation in temperatures
produced glacial advances, because the cooler summers didn’t completely melt
the snow.
Life
during the Ice Age
While Homo
sapiens evolved, many
vertebrates, especially large mammals, succumbed to the harsh climate conditions
of this period.
One of
the richest sources of information about life in the Pleistocene Epoch can be
found in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, where remains of everything from
insects to plant life to animals were preserved, including a partial skeleton
of a female human and a nearly complete woolly mammoth.
In
addition to the woolly mammoth, mammals such as saber-toothed cats (Smilodon),
giant ground sloths (Megatherium) and mastodons
roamed the Earth during this period. Other mammals that thrived during this
period include moonrats, tenrecs (hedgehog-like creatures) and macrauchenia
(similar to a llamas and camels).
sloths (Megatherium) and mastodons
roamed the Earth during this period. Other mammals that thrived during this
period include moonrats, tenrecs (hedgehog-like creatures) and macrauchenia
(similar to a llamas and camels).
Although
many vertebrates became extinct during this period, mammals that are familiar
to us today — including apes, cattle, deer, rabbits, kangaroos, wallabies,
bears, and members of the canine and feline families — could be found during
this time.
Other
than a few birds that were classified as dinosaurs, most notably the Titanis,
there were no dinosaurs during the Pleistocene Epoch. They had become extinct
at the end of the Cretaceous Period, more than 60 million years before
the Pleistocene Epoch began.
Birds
flourished during this period, including members of the duck, geese, hawk and
eagle families. There were also some flightless birds such as ostriches, rheas
and moas. The flightless birds did not fare as well, as they had to compete
with mammals and other creatures for limited supplies of food and water, as a
good portion of the water was frozen.
Crocodiles,
lizards, turtles, pythons and other reptiles also thrived during this period.
As for
vegetation, it was fairly limited in many areas. There were some scattered
conifers, including pines, cypress and yews, along with some broadleaf trees
such as beeches and oaks. On the ground, there were prairie grasses as well as
members of the lilly, orchid and rose families.
Mass
extinction
About
13,000 years ago, more than three-fourths of the large Ice Age animals,
including woolly mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed tigers and
giant bears, died out. Scientists have debated for years over the cause
of the extinction, with both of the major hypotheses — human overhunting and
climate change — insufficient to account for the mega die-off.
Recent
research suggests that an extraterrestrial object, possibly a comet, about 3
miles wide, may have exploded over southern Canada, nearly wiping out an
ancient Stone Age culture as well as megafauna like mastodons and mammoths.
-----------
-----------------
CANADA MILITIA FORMED 1669- Canadian Forces
@CanadianForces
#OTD
in 1669, the Canadian militia is born.
https://amp.twimg.com/v/2a0bffaf-1a2b-47a5-b179-e42c1ff7faee …
------------------------
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip commence their 1976
BLOGGED:
IDLE NO MORE CANADA- WAR 1812- it mattered- War of 1812 Bicentennial Highlights Unsung Aboriginal Heroes in Canada’s Creation
http://nova0000scotia.blogspot.ca/2013/07/idle-no-canada-war-1812-it-mattered-war.html
Tecumseh - War of 1812
www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/6
Painting by W.B. Turner (courtesy Metropolitan Toronto Library, J. Ross ... Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, leader of a First Nations confederacy, military leader ... Pukeshinwau was killed in one of the confrontations 10 October 1774 at .... On 13 August 1812General Isaac Brock arrived at Amherstburg and the .... Brock, Sir Isaac.
Missing: wearing belt photo
Idle no more General Brock died in battle on Oct. 13, 1812, and he was wearing the sash Tecumseh gave him-
---------
BLOGGED (Oct
1/2013):
IDLE
NO MORE CANADA- MI'KMAQ MONTH IN NOVA SCOTIA- 11,000 years- We mourn Albino
Moose murdered- must learn Mi'kmaq nature's way pls./Some fall fun Annapolis
Valley/Good Books/Mi'kmaq traditions, history and videos
-----
Sir Isaac Brock: A Biography - War of 1812
www.warof1812.ca/brock.htm
Biography of the British Major General Sir Isaac Brock in Upper Canada ... SwordBelts .... It is here that Brock met with the famous Shawnee chief Tecumseh and ... his victory at Detroit but, regrettably, the news did not reach him before his death at ... Copyright: Unless otherwise noted, all information, images, data contained ...
Missing: wearing painting
-----------------
| THE FIRST PEOPLES OF CANADA | |||
| Where Did Canada's First People Come From? | |||
| Canada's Multicultural First Peoples | |||
| Today Canada is the most multi-cultural country in the world, and the home of immigrants of every ethnic and religious group from every country in the world. But less than 500 years ago, the only people living in Canada were the Aboriginal people of Canada. "Aboriginal" means the original inhabitants, the people who were here first. The words "Native" or "Indigenous" are also used, and mean the same thing. Today they all collectively refer to themselves as the First Nations or First Peoples of Canada. However, there are many different cultural groups. Canada’s first people used at least 53 different languages. Each group referred to themselves by a specific name in their own language. For instance, the Inuit - colloquially know for years as Eskimos - have always referred to themselves as Inuit - the People. Or in the singular as an Inuk - a person. |
| ||
| Migration Across the Land Bridge Between Asia & North America | |||
| Scientists do not agree on where First Nations people came from, or how they got to North America, but they do know that First Nations people are genetically related to people in parts of Asia. Scientists know that First Nations people have lived in what is now Canada for at least 12,000 years, because they have found bones and artifacts that go back that far. Many scientists now believe that some of the First Peoples may have been here for much longer than that. For a long time, scientists believed that the ancestors of all North American First Nations people crossed over on foot to North America from Asia at the end of the last ice age, about 12,000 years ago. At that time Asia and North America were joined, and what is now the bottom of the Bering Sea between Russia and Alaska was dry land, (a "land bridge) because sea levels were much lower than they are now. The earliest man-made artifacts – tools or ornaments that archaeologists have found – date from that time. The theory is that nomadic hunting people followed the big animals (moose, deer, elk, buffalo) for food, and eventually moved south and spread out as the ice sheets melted back. Then they evolved different cultures to suit different environments. | _40qual.jpg) | ||
 | |||
| Other Scientific Theories | |||
| Scientists now think that the ancestors of First Nations people may have come to North America from several different parts of Asia and Polynesia, following several different routes. Some may have come on woven reed rafts, or boats, across the Pacific from Asia and various islands. Still others may have crossed the ice fields that once connected Europe and North America. The Inuit, who live in the high Arctic, were probably the last to arrive. |  Reed Boat on Lake Titicaca Courtesy of www.ronelgas.com | ||
| Local Oral Traditions Indicate Long Occupancy | |||
| Some First Nations people believe, through their oral tradition, that their ancestors have lived in North America for much longer than scientists indicate. Scientific theory is always evolving as new evidence is found, and some startling discoveries continue to push back the earliest known dates for human occupancy of North America. |  | ||
| Important Recent Archaeological Finds | |||
| To learn more about the ancestors of First Nations people, scientists study human bones that are found preserved in dry caves, or in frozen riverbanks where they have not rotted away. Scientists determine the age of the bones from the age of sediment layers where they are found, or from the style of tools found with the bones. Some of the most important finds of human skeletons have been in the Yukon, in the American Southwest, and in the Andes in South America. |  Yukon archaeological site Courtesy of Government of the Yukon | ||
| Studying the Bones | |||
| For countless years, white anthropologists and archaeologists have dug up bones of First Nations peoples and taken them away and stored them in drawers in museums, taking the bones out every now and then to probe, and poke them for information. This practice made many Aboriginal People angry. Recent laws state that any bones found must be turned over to the First Nations bands in the area for burial. Today, many bands are cooperating enthusiastically in the anthropological study of ancient human bones, because they want to learn more about their ancestors. These days, First Nations people are working alongside the scientists, and some are becoming scientists themselves. |  Dave Hunt, Collections Manager for Physical Anthropology, discovers what the bones tell - in this case a poorly healed fracture of the femur. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History | ||
| Cultural Signs of Past Occupation of the Land | |||
| Tipi rings are circles of rocks that were once used to hold the bottom of a tipi down. In eastern Canada, archaeologists have found post moulds, that show them where Iroquois longhouses once stood. By mapping all these cultural signs, scientists can find the places that were occupied by First Nations people, and trace the routes they followed over the years. |  Aerial view of tipi rings in Saskatchewan Courtesy of Royal Museum of Saskatchewan | ||
| Canada's First Peoples: Official Categories | |||
Canada’s Native people are still referred to officially in three broad categories by government for administrative purposes, and in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms:
|  | ||
 | |||
 | |||
| The Canadian Government Department that specifically deals with First Peoples and the North is called Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) |  http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_groups_origins.html | ||
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