Tuesday, January 29, 2019

#HalifaxHarbour - #NovaScotia History- #Indigenous #Mikmaq #FirstNations #French #English #European, Cultures- One of the deepest on the planet -Bay of Fundy-Highest Tides in the world-Elder Stories- Our Canada -Come Visit






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ORIGINS OF HALIFAX HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA
The Origin of Halifax Harbour



Plate tectonics
The ultimate location and formation of Halifax Harbour is related to the theory of plate tectonics whereby the continents have drifted over the Earth, and oceans have opened and closed during the last billion years. Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) is credited with first conceiving this model and is seen as the father of continental drift. Pangea (meaning "one earth" in Greek) is the name for a super continent that dominated the earth about 350–200 million years ago. It was formed by the earlier continents coming together to form one giant continent. It began to break up about 250 million years ago leading to the formation of the modern North American continent and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
Halifax Harbour is located on the Cambrian to Ordovician “Meguma Terrain” of the new North American continent. Largely consists of sedimentary rocks that were originally deposited in deep water along the edge of Gondwana, a continent that existed prior to the formation of Pangea. As a result of millions of years of erosion along the eastern part of the new North America, an earlier version of the Halifax Harbour existed as a river in a drainage system that flowed across the region.
Faulting

A detailed map of the bedrock geology of Halifax Harbour and surrounding areas. The slashes that cross the harbour represent folds (synclines and anticlines) in the bedrock. The harbour widens at the anticlines.
The location of these early rivers was thought to be controlled by faults (offsets, breaks) in the bedrock. These faults may have acted as zones of weakness for later river and glacial erosion. Based on the study of the bedrock in the harbour, there is little evidence for the presence of large faults. The major folded structures called "synclines" and "anticlines" (upward and downward folds) on either side of the harbour appear to line up without any offset from one side of the harbour to the other. Sidescan sonar and multibeam bathymetric images of bedrock show few faults or offsets within the areas of exposed bedrock on the seabed.
           
Bedrock
Halifax Harbour owes its origin not to the presence of faults in bedrock, but to the distribution of different rock types. There are three different bedrock types in the harbour and surrounding region. These are Halifax Formation slate, Goldenville Formation quartzite, and Devonian granite. The Goldenville Formation has thick beds with widely spaced rock ridges in contrast to thin bedding and closely spaced ridges of the Halifax Formation. The Devonian granite displays a massive uneven surface shape. The contact of the slate and quartzite with the granite coincides with the location of the ancient Sackville River. It is irregular and rough which suggests that the contact is not related to a fault. The large, erosion-resistant granitic body confined the location of the early river systems to the weaker rocks east of the granite, in the area where the present harbour occurs.

A
photograph of Chebucto Head showing the steep and rugged granite cliffs that form the western shore of the outer Harbour.
The bedrock of the inner harbour is buried beneath thick sediments. However, it is exposed at the seabed in several areas. Four bedrock ridges occur near the Dartmouth shoreline, southeast of the Dartmouth footing of the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge. The bridge footing is located on the most northern of the exposed ridges. In contrast, in the outer harbour bedrock apears at the seabed surface in 50% of the area.
As glaciers moved through the harbour, differences in the bedrock type and structure controlled the amount of erosion as well as the width and shape of the present harbour. As the ice moved across the Halifax Formation slate it was not able to erode the material as readily as it could over the Goldenville Formation quartzite beneath the basin and in other areas of the harbour. The widely spaced fractures and thick beds allowed the Goldenville Formation to be more easily eroded, whereas the Halifax Formation with its thinner beds allowed only limited glacial removal and the generation of smaller fragments. Therefore, glaciers eroded much less over the Halifax Formation. This differential erosion resulted in the present topographic high of the peninsular part of Halifax and the narrow channel of The Narrows. The high, resistant granite cliffs remain along the western side of the harbour from Herring Cove to Chebucto Head.

Early river systems

A
map of water depths in Halifax Harbour with the location of a former river channel, the Ancient Sackville River that existed when sea level was lower.
The location of Halifax Harbour is controlled not by faults within the bedrock, but by the distribution of the hard granite to the west of the harbour. It confined the location of early river systems to weaker rocks in the east. A large channel to the east of the granite occurs beyond the mouth of Halifax Harbour that connects with the harbour. The name 'ancient Sackville River' has been given to this feature.
An ancient preglacial Sackville River likely flowed through the area of Bedford Basin, the harbour and continued across the inner Scotian Shelf. A deep inner harbour buried basin that trends toward Dartmouth Cove, suggests another drainage system may have joined the Sackville River in the inner harbour to the north of Georges Island. Such a system existed in the present location of a series of lakes in Dartmouth: Banook, Charles, and Micmac, that presently empty into Dartmouth Cove. This system also was a spillway for later glacial lakes in central Nova Scotia. It is likely that these two early drainage systems contributed to the formation of Halifax Harbour. The exact location of the preglacial drainage system is difficult to locate beneath the thick, gas-charged sediments of the inner harbour and in the over-deepened Bedford Basin, but it was clearly confined to the western part of the outer harbour. A curved section of the old Sackville River can be seen on the floor of the Narrows.
Glaciation, drumlins and moraines
Before Pleistocene glaciation, which began approximately two million years ago, Halifax Harbour existed only as a river system. Bedford Basin was not the isolated circular depression as it is today. The ancient Sackville River extended across the region through the present area of the basin, and out of the harbour along the outer western part. Glaciers eroded and over-deepened (dug deeper than the river channel) the area of Bedford Basin by more than 50 m largely following the course of the earlier river system. It is not known which of the many glaciations created the extensive erosion of the basin and perhaps all glaciations contributed to some degree. As a result of the glacers over-deepening the basin, a continuous river channel for the ancient Sackville River ceased to exist. From then on, when the glaciers were absent, Bedford Basin was a lake.
           
The last major period of glaciation (Wisconsinan) began at about 75 000 years ago and the ice sheet extended across the entire region to the edge of the Scotian Shelf over 100 km away. Ice retreated to the inner Scotian Shelf during the mid-Wisconsinan Phase, 40–22 thousand years ago. During this time the area of Halifax Harbour likely remained under ice cover. This was followed by the Escuminac phase of the Late Wisconsinan, 22–18 thousand years ago, with an advance of ice that was centred over the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This glacial ice transported and deposited large quantities of red till to the shelf edge. This till is termed the Lawrencetown Till and it contains more clay than the underlying Hartlen Till and is less compact.
It was this ice that formed the drumlins of Halifax Harbour: Jonquière Bank, ‘Little Georges Bank’, and Georges Island, as well as the many drumlins of the surrounding land areas such as ‘Halifax Citadel National Historic site of Canada also called 'Citadel Hill', ‘Fort Needham Memorial Park’, and McNabs and Lawlor islands.

A
3 d multibeam bathymetric image looking north toward an end moraine (ridge of till) at the head of the Northwest Arm deposited by a glacier that terminated there.
By 18 000 years ago, Wisconsinan ice began to retreat and was followed by the Scotian Phase that resulted in a major change in ice-centre locations. The till deposited during this retreat phase is a stony, sandy till, derived from local bedrock sources with many angular boulders. It has been termed the "Beaver River Till" and was formed between 17 000–15 000 years ago. This till overlies both the Lawrencetown and Hartlen tills in drumlins and forms a bouldery till plain over most areas of the Atlantic coast including the area of Halifax Harbour.
By 13 000 years ago the ice margin was situated near the present-day Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. As the glacial ice retreated up the Halifax Harbour, small linear moraines parallel to the front of the glacier, ice front, formed on Middle Ground, in the inner harbour northeast of Georges Island, and in the Bedford Bay. A prominent end moraine, ridge of rock and gravel left from the end of a glacier, was formed at the head of Northwest Arm during this time by a local readvancement of ice.
Between 11 000 and 10 000 years ago the climate of Nova Scotia cooled, which greatly affected the land and marine areas. Both lake and offshore sediment samples show a distinct coarsening, larger sized grains of sediment, that marks this event called the "Younger Dryas" period. Land-based glaciers were reactivated during this time and overrode pre-existing organic materials. On the inner shelf off Halifax, a distinctive, coarse sediment horizon and extensive local erosion of the sediments indicates increased storminess, sea ice, and possibly small icebergs.
Sea level change

A
multibeam bathymetric map off the entrance to Halifax Harbour. The white line is the location of the low sea level stand (beach) at approximately 12 000 years ago.
The sea-level history of Halifax Harbour is complex and controls not only the distribution of sediments on the seabed, but many of the other features as well. A low sea-level stand, the lowest average height of sea-level for a period of time, has been identified on the adjacent inner Scotian Shelf at a depth of between 65 m and 70 m that occurred at 11 600 years ago. This occurred at the end of the last glaciation. Since that lowering, areas above 65 m water depth have been transformed into a smooth surface of gravel, bedrock outcrop, and small areas of well sorted, coarse sand without silt and clay.
The early postglacial Halifax Harbour was confined to a narrow channel in the western part of the outer harbour. During this time the present major shoal areas in the east were land until approximately 7000 years ago. As sea level continued to rise, intense erosion occurred in the outer harbour. The present bedrock shoal areas east of the western deep channel had been covered with till and were subjected to large waves and strong currents at the shoreline. Most of the till was eroded, leaving only scattered boulders on bedrock. Similar processes are presently taking place today at the seaward, south side of McNabs Island, with erosion of the drumlins and exposure of the underlying bedrock. As the Sea moved into the outer harbour from sea-level rise, marine trangression, sand-sized material was transported and deposited in the deep channel of the western outer harbour where it remains today. Fine-grained mud was transported farther seaward on the inner continental shelf. The sea-level continued to migrate up the harbour which formated Sable Island Sand and Gravel.
In contrast to the erosion caused by the transgression in sea-level rise in the outer harbour, erosion was much less severe in the inner harbour because McNabs and Lawlor islands, sheltered the narrow entrance of the inner harbour, because the inner harbour was further from the open Atlantic Ocean. In many places tills were preserved and only their upper surfaces were modified. Fine-grained sediments were removed and larger angular broken rock remained.
Former lakes

A
map showing the location of 10 lakes that existed in Halifax Harbour after the glaciers left and before the sea level returned and flooded the Harbour.
As a result of the glaciers over-deepening many areas of the harbour, the pre-existing river system (ancient Sackville River) was eroded, and many deep basins were created along its length. The Narrows still shows an exposed long, curve section of this river. Early postglacial lakes formed throughout the harbour in many of the over-deepened bedrock depressions and were connected by a river and stream system to the Atlantic Ocean. As many as ten lakes existed in the present area of the harbour.
The lakes were progressively flooded by the sea during the postglacial sea-level rise ("marine transgression") that began from the lowstand of -65 m off the mouth of the harbour. The transgression eroded and reworked the previously deposited glacial materials, forming well sorted sand and gravel deposits, areas of bedrock outcrop, and eroded drumlins at the seabed. By 5500 years ago, the ocean had progressed far enough up the harbour and was deep enough for mud (LaHave Clay) in the inner harbour. The sediment came from eroded glacial, lake, and estuarine materials. Bedford Basin, which was formerly a series of three lakes, was finally flooded by the rising sea at 5700 years ago when the shallow sill in The Narrows was breached by the rising waters. This changed the lake environment from freshwater to marine. This would have represented a major change to early peoples living in the area.
Lake Bedford, former islands, and old shorelines

A
sidescan sonar image of two boulder berms (ridges of boulders) in Bedford Basin that mark an old lake shore. They now lie in 23 m water depth and were formed approximately 6000 years ago.
People tend to think that the present shoreline is a permanent feature of the coast. This is not true as the ocean levels are constantly changing. In fact during glacial times, the ocean levels lowered as much as 120 m. Knowledge of sea-level history through mapping has provided new information on the location of former shorelines, islands, and lakes throughout the Halifax Harbour. Early peoples would have congregated and left artifacts at the shorelines and these areas are where marine archaeological studies are concentrated. The studies of former harbour shorelines have revealed much about the potential location of former habitation, migration, and activity sites.
When the last glaciers receded from the region the area of Bedford Basin contained at least three connected lakes: one in Bedford Bay, one in the main part of the basin, and another in southern Fairview Cove. The water level during this time is defined by former shorelines that occur at a present depth of 23 m. Two continuous berms (ridges) composed of boulders ring the basin at this depth. They were formed by winter freezing and ice expansion of the lake waters. Prior to 6000 years ago, Bedford Basin existed as a lake at a present depth of 23 m for a period of up to six thousand years during, which was when the boulder berms were formed. Similar ridges are common features today around the shores of many Nova Scotian lakes.

A
multibeam bathymetric image of the northern part of Bedford Basin showing smooth seabed above the boulder berms at 23 m water depth, and rough seabed below.
The seabed is much different above and below the boulder berms (Figure 26). Below it is more rugged and is covered in mud. Above the berms, the seabed is flatter and smoother and is largely gravel covered with little mud. This is the result of a process called "marine transgression", whereby the seabed above the berms passed through the beach zone of the rising sea after the former lake (Lake Bedford) was converted to the ocean by the return of sea level from the glacial low stand. So prior to 6000 years ago, Bedford Basin existed as a lake at a present depth of 23 m for a period of up to 6 thousand years during which the boulder berms were formed.
The boulder berms also help identify the location of approximately ten ancient islands on the western side of Bedford Basin and a few small ones on the eastern side. In the area between Bedford Bay and Bedford Basin, there is a “sill” or shallow region that played an important role in the sea-level story. The seabed was exposed as a series of bedrock ridges during the same period of time when the islands in the basin existed. Part of an early Sackville River fell in a waterfall over these bedrock ridges connecting Bedford Bay to the basin. This area holds great potential for the discovery of archaeological artifacts. It is not difficult to imagine the landscape of the time as a highly favorable site for fishing, living, and an ancient short cut across the northern part of Bedford Basin.
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Rita MacNeil- SHE'S CALLED NOVA SCOTIA 


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History

Coastal areas of Nova Scotia in the region of Halifax were inhabited seasonally by Mi’kmaq before the influx of Europeans. The east coast of North America was the scene of a continuous territorial struggle beginning in the 16th century when the French and British (mainly) clashed, initially over control of fishing grounds, later furs, and then land for settlers. Halifax played a significant role in the ongoing battle for control of these resources. The city site was first visited by Samuel de Champlain about 1605, and in the early 18th century it was a French fishing station. The Nova Scotia peninsula was a component of the French colony of Acadia at that time. The British takeover of Nova Scotia in 1713 resulted in a permanent British settlement at Halifax when Edward Cornwallis arrived with some 2,500 settlers, most of them from England, and founded a fortified town (1749) as a counterbalance to Louisbourg, the French stronghold in Cape Breton. Originally called Chebucto, the town was soon renamed for George Montagu Dunk, 2nd earl of Halifax, president of the Board of Trade and Plantations and among those who planned the founding of the settlement. The following year Dartmouth was established across the harbour, and in 1752 ferry service began between the two towns.
The settlement patterns and growth of Halifax were not similar to most colonial coastal communities where inhabitants made their living by fishing and farming. The thin soils surrounding Halifax were never good for agriculture, and the fishing banks were a considerable distance from its harbour. The growth of Halifax was directly related to war and threats of war, in conjunction with British, and later Canadian, military and trade policies. The British conquest of the French in North America by 1763 elevated the military status of Halifax. However, it was the American Revolution (1775–83) that positioned Halifax as the military anchor for the remaining British North American colonies after the establishment of the United States. As a result of the conflict, Halifax was the recipient of many loyalists, including black loyalists.
Services for navy and army personnel were the mainstay of Halifax’s early economy, but its natural (and fortified) harbour was ideally situated for the trade between Britain, North America, and the West Indies, and Halifax evolved as an important import-export centre. It was incorporated as a city in 1841. By the mid-19th century, railway connections to its international port only enhanced its economic position in Atlantic Canada as the centre for finance, wholesaling, and educational services. It also had a manufacturing base that included shipbuilding and sugar refining. However, its fortunes changed with confederation (1867), when federal government policies of protectionism were put in place to combat a global recession (1873–95). International trade, a cornerstone for the economy of Halifax, was decimated, and Halifax lost much of its financial, wholesale, and manufacturing functions through the merger, buyout, and takeover by Montreal- and Toronto-based firms.
Halifax continually served as a British army and navy base, one of the most heavily fortified outside Europe, until its dockyard and defenses were taken over by the Canadian government in 1906. Although never besieged, the city suffered from a disastrous munitions ship explosion in 1917 that ultimately was responsible for nearly 2,000 deaths and devastated much of the city’s north side. During World War I and World War II, Halifax was Canada’s largest and most important naval base.


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NOVA SCOTIA - N.S.

-one of the four Atlantic provinces on the east coast of Canada
-second smallest province (P.E.I. is the smallest)
-made up of the mainland and Cape Breton Island
-also includes over 3800 coastal islands
-capital city and largest city is Halifax - 403,390 (CMA 2016)
-Halifax is an international seaport and transportation center.
-flower - the Mayflower, tree -Red Spruce, bird - Osprey
-"Nova Scotia" means "New Scotland" in Latin.
-motto : " One defends and the other conquers"

THE PEOPLE

-There are 923,598 people living in Nova Scotia.(2016 census)
-Many people live in or close to Halifax.
-Most of the communities are along the coast.
-First people were the Micmacs (Mi'Kmaq).
-People came from Britain, Western Europe, and Southern Europe.
-Over eighty percent are of British ancestry, eighteen percent are of French ancestry
-Other groups include German, Dutch, Poles, Ukrainian, Chinese, Scandinavian and native people.
-N.S. has Canada's oldest African-Canadian community.

HISTORY

-The Vikings first visited around the year 990.
-Explorer John Cabot came to Nova Scotia in 1497.
-Micmac lived there. They hunted, fished, gathered plants and berries.
-French settlers arrived in 1605.
-A French settlement named Port Royal was built in 1605.
-The area was turned over to the British after a war.
-French colonists were forced to leave.
-Some went back to France while others went to the U.S.
-Later settlers came from England, Germany, Scotland.
-In 1783 the United Empire Loyalists came from the United States.
-In 1784 Nova Scotia was partitioned and the colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island were created.
-In 1820 Cape Breton Island became part of Nova Scotia again.
-In 1867 Nova Scotia became a part of the Dominion of Canada.

CLIMATE AND WEATHER

-Cool dry air from the interior mixes with warmer wet air over the sea.
-Areas along the coast are milder and wetter than the areas inland.
-The Atlantic coast is foggy, especially in the spring.
-There are heavy rains and stormy weather in the fall.
-The province has experienced hurricanes in the late summer.

WATER AND LAND

-The province is almost surrounded by water.
-The Atlantic Ocean is to the south and east.
-Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are connected by a small land bridge (28 km Isthmus of Chignecto) .
-The Bay of Fundy stretches between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
-The Bay of Fundy has world's highest tides.
-Much of the province is part of the Appalachian Region.
-The province is covered with forests and lakes.
-There are 3000 small lakes.
-Almost 7500 km is rocky coastline.
-There are salt marshes and ice-free deep water harbours along the coast.
-The Strait of Canso (1.2 km wide) separates the mainland of Nova Scotia from Cape Breton Island.
-The Canso Causeway is a road which connects the island to the mainland.

RESOURCES/INDUSTRY

-Coal mining, fishing and fish processing were once major industries.
-The Fishery is the oldest and most important natural resource.
-Haddock and cod were once caught in great numbers.
-Scallops, crabs, clams, cod, haddock, pollock, herring and salmon are caught in the waters off Nova Scotia.
-Lobsters from N.S. are shipped all across Canada.
-There are about 249 fish processing plants.
-The main mineral is coal which is used for making electricity.
-Refineries turn oil into gasoline and other products.
-Both hardwood and softwood forests cover much of the province.
-Forest products include lumber, pulp and paper and Christmas trees.
-There are three pulp and paper mills and several hundred sawmills.
-Nova Scotia is among the leading producers of gypsum in the world. Gypsum is used in the manufacture of wallboard.
-Apples, blueberries, pears and strawberries are grown in the Annapolis Valley.

PEOPLE and PLACES

-Anne Murray, a singer and songwriter from Springhill, has many gold singles.
-Singer Rita MacNeil and musician Ashley MacIssac are from Nova Scotia.
-Marconi sent the first official west-to-east wireless ( radio) message across the Atlantic Ocean from Table Head,
  Cape Breton Island in 1902.
-A. Gesner made kerosene in the 1850s. The kerosene was burned in lamps and lanterns. He is known as the Father of the
  Petroleum Industry.
-Thomas Haliburton was a famous writer who wrote books about a character named Sam Slick.
-Joshua Slocum was the first to sail alone around the world in the 1890s.
-In the 1920s and 1930s the Bluenose schooner was famous for winning international races.

-Nova Scotia is called "Canada's ocean playground"
-Fishing villages and lighthouses along the coastline attract tourists.
-Peggy's Cove is a well-known fishing village with a lighthouse.
-The Citadel is a fort built (1856) on a hill overlooking Halifax harbour.
-Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site (Cape Breton Island) has a museum displaying his inventions.
  He is the inventor of the telephone.
-The Fortress of Louisbourg (Cape Breton Island) is the largest reconstructed 18th-century French fortified town in
  North America.
-Bras d'Or lake (Cape Breton Island) is a saltwater lake that is a nesting site of the endangered bald eagle.
J.Giannetta 1999
(updated 2017)
jgiannet@hotmail.com

The Canadian Encyclopedia - Nova Scotia
Government of Nova Scotia
website
government site for children

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History

Aboriginal Settlement
The first peoples in what is now Nova Scotia were the Mi'kmaq, who belonged to a wider coalition known as the Wabanaki Confederacy, whose members were in turn part of the Algonquin-language family in eastern North America. The Mi'kmaq presence can be traced as far back as 10,000 years. They were hunters and traders and, because of their proximity to the ocean, skilled saltwater fishers. When the first Europeans arrived in the 16th and 17th centuries, Mi'kmaq territory stretched across all of modern-day Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, most of New Brunswick and westward into the GaspĂ© Peninsula of QuĂ©bec — an area known as Mi'kma'ki. The Mi'kmaq established better relations with the French settlers than with the English.

Starting in 1864 the Confederation question left a mark on the province. Nova Scotia's economy was closely tied, as were many families, to the New England states. The province’s prosperity relied on seaborne trade south to the United States and east across the Atlantic, and many did not relish the idea of setting up new economic and political links with the Province of Canada, or with a remote interior further west. Despite these fears the colony became one of the four founding provinces of the new Dominion of Canada in 1867; however, a strong anti-Confederate movement existed for many years, with some Nova Scotians flying flags at half-mast on 1 July.

Fisheries
In terms of landed value (i.e., catch brought ashore), Nova Scotia is a leader among Atlantic coast fisheries. In 2012, for example, it accounted for about 47 per cent ($77 million) of the total landed value of fish caught along the Atlantic Ocean.
Salt and dried fish for export to Latin America was once the staple of the market, but quick-frozen and filleted fish now dominate.
Transportation
Due to its ice-free, deep-water harbour located a full day closer to Europe than its major American East Coast competitors, the port of Halifax maintains its competitive edge in the international shipping business. Halifax is one of the largest natural harbours in the world and has one of the largest container ports in Canada.


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World’s Deepest Harbour- Halifax Harbour – Nova Scotia
Halifax Harbour, with a depth of 18 metres at low tide, is one of the world’s deepest. It was formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. For over 250 years it has remained a cornerstone of economic activity for the city and the province as a whole. The port’s strategic location made Halifax an ideal Gateway into North America for settlers and shippers and a perfect vantage point for military operations. It is home to several small islands and in the Northwest Arm there is a small peninsula known as Deadman’s Island, named for the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war.


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We explain why the Bay of Fundy tides are the world's highest tides, how tides ... That oscillation is in perfect sync with the Atlantic ocean tide flooding into the bay .... Americans not only don't know our own history and geography we know even ..... Halls Harbour, Parrsboro, and Advocate are great locations in Nova Scotia.

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http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifTHE SYMBOLS OF CANADA
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifEMBLEMS OF THE PROVINCES and TERRITORIES
         floral emblem, coat of arms, flag, bird, tree, mineral

http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifTOUR OF CANADA
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifEARLY DAYS - THE SETTLERS
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifCANADIAN WILDLIFE
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifTHE ARCTIC - the people, communities, wildlife, plants
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifFACTS for the PROVINCES & TERRITORIES
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifLINKS to educational sites about Canada
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/rleaf.gifWEATHER - from Environment Canada
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/canline.gif
http://www.saskschoolsinfo.com/canada/graphics/canline.gif
J.Giannetta
Regina, SK
grade 2/3 teacher (retired)
1999 (updated 2017)
jgiannet@hotmail.com

It is an honor to receive an award
from Study Web for this site
"One of the best Educational resources on the web."
June 3, 1999




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Explore St. Francis Harbour

St. Francis Harbour in Nova Scotia is located in Canada about 696 mi (or 1,121 km) east of Ottawa, the country's capital.
Local time in St. Francis Harbour is now 01:31 PM (Saturday). The local timezone is named America / Halifax with an UTC offset of -4 hours. We know of 6 airports in the wider vicinity of St. Francis Harbour, of which one is a larger airport. The closest airport in Canada is Port Hawkesbury Airport in a distance of 15 mi (or 24 km), North. Besides the airports, there are other travel options available (check left side).
Depending on your travel schedule, you might want to pay a visit to some of the following locations: Charlottetown, Halifax, , and . To further explore this place, just scroll down and browse the available info. Let's start with some photos from the area.


Attractions and noteworthy things

Distances are based on the centre of the city/town and sightseeing location. This list contains brief abstracts about monuments, holiday activities, national parcs, museums, organisations and more from the area as well as interesting facts about the region itself. Where available, you'll find the corresponding homepage. Otherwise the related wikipedia article.

Port Hawkesbury

Port Hawkesbury is a town located on the southwestern end of Cape Breton Island, on the north shore of the Strait of Canso, in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The town was originally named Ship Harbour (after the harbour upon which it is located) and is largely a service centre for western Cape Breton Island with many of its residents working in large industries in an industrial park located in the adjacent community of Point Tupper, Richmond County.
Located at 45.6153, -61.3642 (Lat. / Lng.), about 12 miles away.
Wikipedia Article, Homepage
Communities in Inverness County, Nova Scotia, Towns in Nova Scotia, Populated coastal places in Canada, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Strait of Canso

The Strait of Canso (also Gut of Canso or Canso Strait), is a strait located in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It divides the Nova Scotia peninsula from Cape Breton Island. It is a long thin channel approximately 27 kilometres long and averaging 3 kilometers wide (1 km at its narrowest). The strait connects Chedabucto Bay on the Atlantic Ocean to St. George's Bay on the Northumberland Strait, a sub basin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Located at 45.5972, -61.3772 (Lat. / Lng.), about 11 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Straits of Nova Scotia, Geography of Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, Geography of Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Geography of Inverness County, Nova Scotia, Geography of Richmond County, Nova Scotia, Straits of the Atlantic Ocean, Geographic regions of Nova Scotia

Mulgrave, Nova Scotia

Mulgrave is a town on the Strait of Canso in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Canada; immediately across from the town of Port Hawkesbury.
Located at 45.6133, -61.3917 (Lat. / Lng.), about 12 miles away.
Wikipedia Article, Homepage
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Towns in Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Point Tupper, Nova Scotia

Point Tupper is a small rural community located in Richmond County, Nova Scotia on the Strait of Canso in western Cape Breton Island.
Located at 45.6044, -61.3675 (Lat. / Lng.), about 11 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Richmond County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Melford International Terminal

Melford International Terminal is a proposed marine terminal to be built in the community of Middle Melford, Nova Scotia. If constructed, Melford Terminal would be the closest deep-water terminal in mainland North America to Europe and the Suez Canal. As of September 2010, construction has not yet begun, however, the developer Melford Terminal International Inc.
Located at 45.5338, -61.3044 (Lat. / Lng.), about 6 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Container terminals, Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Proposed transport infrastructure in Canada

Philips Harbour, Nova Scotia

Philips Harbour is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in The Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.3481, -61.2361 (Lat. / Lng.), about 8 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Chedabucto Bay

Chedabucto Bay is a large bay on the eastern coast of mainland Nova Scotia between the Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of Canso next to Guysborough County. At the entrance to Chedabucto Bay is the town of Canso at the head is the community of Guysborough and on the other end is the town of Mulgrave.
Located at 45.3927, -61.3037 (Lat. / Lng.), about 4 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Bays of Nova Scotia, Bays of the Atlantic Ocean, Geography of Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Conflicts in Nova Scotia

Queensport, Nova Scotia

Queensport is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in The Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County. A lighthouse is still functioning on an island off the queensport shore.
Located at 45.3386, -61.2661 (Lat. / Lng.), about 8 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Half Island Cove, Nova Scotia

Half Island Cove is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough Countyhttp://www. destination-ns. com/common/places. asp?PlaceID=1007 on the shore of Chedabucto Bay. {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:45|19|55.62|N|61|11|0.77|W|region:CA-NS_scale:100000 |primary |name=Half Island Cove, Nova Scotia }}
Located at 45.3321, -61.1835 (Lat. / Lng.), about 10 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Manchester, Nova Scotia

Manchester, is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.4536, -61.4702 (Lat. / Lng.), about 7 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Port Shoreham, Nova Scotia

Port Shoreham is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.4238, -61.4208 (Lat. / Lng.), about 5 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Middle Melford, Nova Scotia

Middle Melford, is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.5326, -61.3044 (Lat. / Lng.), about 6 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Manassette Lake, Nova Scotia

Manassette Lake, is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.4319, -61.3418 (Lat. / Lng.), about 1 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Pirate Harbour, Nova Scotia

Pirate Harbour is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.5845, -61.382 (Lat. / Lng.), about 10 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

St. Francis Harbour, Nova Scotia

St. Francis Harbour, is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.4495, -61.3106 (Lat. / Lng.), about 1 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Steep Creek, Nova Scotia

Steep Creek is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.5482, -61.336 (Lat. / Lng.), about 7 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Hadleyville, Nova Scotia

Hadleyville is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
Located at 45.463, -61.2817 (Lat. / Lng.), about 2 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Halfway Cove, Nova Scotia

Halfway Cove is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in The Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County on the shore of Chedabucto Bay. The community is best known for its monument to Henry Sinclair's purported discovery of North America.
Located at 45.3473, -61.371 (Lat. / Lng.), about 7 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Lower River Inhabitants, Nova Scotia

Lower River Inhabitants is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Richmond County.
Located at 45.6139, -61.2404 (Lat. / Lng.), about 12 miles away.
Wikipedia Article
Communities in Richmond County, Nova Scotia, General Service Areas in Nova Scotia
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www.explore-mag.com/25-Incredible-Hiking-Trails-in-Nova-Scotia
Mar 8, 2017 ... nova scotia 25 best hikes ... Seated on the Atlantic Ocean, the Maritime provinces exude a windswept beauty. ... Here are 25 of our favourites trails to tackle in Nova Scotia: ... Deep coves, unique fauna and animal life are all staple features of this stunning ... The trail loops back around to the Harbour Rocks.

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pier21.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/files/research_remembering_pier2.pdf


and, with the vast majority of these having come from Europe via the Atlantic, ... the history of Pier 2 constitutes a fascinating excursion into both a city and a ... fourteenth and fifteenth Years of the Canadian Union” “the deep water terminus of the. Intercolonial Railway at Halifax, N.S. is completed by Mr. James G Kennedy, ...
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Historical invasions of the intertidal zone of Atlantic North America associated with distinctive patterns of trade and emigration

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Stop 1: Halifax Harbour and the Atlantic Uplands
We will turn the chopper towards the northwest to get a good view of Halifax Harbour. Georges Island, a partially submerged drumlin, is in the foreground. (Go to the reading rooms for drumlin definitions.
Since the arrival of the first inhabitants, Halifax Harbour was valued for its natural beauty and utility. The Mik'maq settled seasonally on the inlet to exploit its fisheries. In 1607, Champlain described the harbour, then known as "Chebooktook" and later as "Chebucto", as "a very safe bay". A British garrison established Halifax town and fortress in 1749, with a lumber mill on the opposite side of the harbour. This British North Atlantic military stronghold countered the French fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. Halifax was chosen as a site for the British garrison because of its geological attributes. The most distinctive feature is its large, deep, navigable harbour, carved by rivers, enlarged by glacial action, and finished by geologically recent relative sea-level rise. The depth and extent of the harbour led early explorers to estimate that it could hold "1000" ships, an estimation borne out in World War II when it was used as a staging area for cross-Atlantic ship convoys.

Another reason why Halifax was chosen as the site for the garrison is a drumlin known as Citadel Hill (seen out of the chopper window)which provided the British soldiers with a sweeping view of the harbour and its approaches. The soldiers who were ordered to dig moats around the incipient fortress were lucky that the hill was constructed by glaciers of a soft muddy till, rather than solid rock!
Metropolitan Halifax is located along a rugged, low relief fjord coastline, created as post-glacial sea-level rise drowned glacially modified river valleys. The outer Atlantic coast is highly irregular at a small scale, with numerous embayments such as Bedford Basin in Halifax Harbour or St. Margarets Bay to the west. The coast is fronted in some areas by many small bedrock islands, reflecting the complex bathymetry of the inner shelf. The rivers of the Atlantic coast are incised into Paleozoic rocks of the Meguma Terrane. These rocks form a broad, upland region with a relatively flat surface which slopes from about 300 m inland to sea level on the Atlantic coast. This surface is a "peneplane" termed the Southern or Atlantic Uplands. This flattened bedrock surface is a result of many cycles of uplift and erosion, the last major event being in the Tertiary when the uplands were exhumed from under a thick cover of Cretaceous sediments. The map on the left is a digital terrain model, giving us a picture of the typical terrains of the Atlantic coast in the vicinity of Halifax. Click on it for a close up!

After this stop we will fly up the chain of lakes in Dartmouth, including Lake Banook, Lake Williams and Lake Charles, to another major physiographic region of Nova Scotia. These lakes are all that remain of a once continuous river or spillway from Glacial Lake Shubenacadie, an ice-dammed lake that filled in the lowlands to the north at the end of last glaciation. More on that at the next stops!

Go to Stop 2: Lantz brick quarry in the Hants Lowlands, or
read on about the surficial geology of the Halifax area, particularly the nature of glacial landforms and deposits.


What's under the surface, or
The hunt for red till October?

There are basically two types of glacial deposits and landforms in the Halifax area: drumlins and stony till plain. The rest of the area is just plain bedrock. Look at a map of the surficial deposits. Sea cliff exposures of drumlins in the Halifax-Dartmouth area like the one we see out of the window on the right)show two and sometimes three distinct till layers. The lowest unit is a hard, grey silty till called the Hartlen Till formed during the Early Wisconsinan Caledonia Phase. A reddish, muddy till unit overlying the Hartlen Till is called the Lawrencetown Till and it was deposited during the Late Wisconsinan Escuminac Phase. It is distinguishable from the Hartlen Till by a higher clay content, reddish colour and high erratic content. (Erratics are boulders that have been transported from distant bedrock sources). Granite, diorite, and volcanic boulders are found in the Lawrencetown Till, that originated from the Cobequid Highlands, 80 km north of Halifax. The third unit in this till trilogy is a bouldery, sandy till called the Beaver River Till, which has a predominately local bedrock content and was formed by our own Nova Scotia glacier!



For more information on the bedrock, surficial and engineering geology of the Halifax region: Look up the Lewis and others reference in the list, or visit the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) website.
The surface expression of the Beaver River Till in regions north of the Halifax Peninsula is irregular, hummocky topography with large quartzite or granite boulders (up to 10 m in diameter) strewn on the surface (stony till plain). Look at a typical stony till plain out of the left chopper window! For a close-up view of the Beaver River Till, take a virtual flier on the Maritimes and Northeastern Sable Gas Pipeline route.



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Canadian Family Stories


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Blog

NOVA SCOTIA'S BLACK LOYALISTS-Canada's Checkerboard Army- Segregated Schools Nova Scotia -telling the truth-CANADA'S MILITARY- the honour, dignity, intelligence, duty- Boer, WWI WWII , Korea, Desert Storm, Afghanistan, UN Peacekeepers- CANADA PURE



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Blog:

IDLE NO MORE CANADA- Can 10,000 YEARS of our beloved Aboriginals peoples of Canada languages be saved? Learning about Canada's 10,000 Years of our First Peoples culture 4 kids-Canada fun- FED.GOV.2003- see nothing changes much 4 our First People of Canada-talk,talk,talk


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BLOG:

CANADA- NOVA SCOTIA- Nouvelle-Écosse- history of Acadians -Nova Scotia



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Blog

NOVA SCOTIA PURE-CANADA HISTORY-FACTS AND HUMOUR 1st Classified-Trews Georges Island Nova Scotia weekend- One Billion Rising Canada-break the chains- 2nd CANADA PROVINCE-TERRITORIES- flags-coats of arms, history- and THE BEST CANADIAN JOKES- Federal Government 2003 (smile)- 4 OUR MILITARY AND ALL Canadians- u gotta smile - stellar humour and Canadiana


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Blogged – 2015

CANADA MILITARY NEWS: Feb25- Suicide- Teens -Vets beautiful young Canadians and ASSISTED Suicide Dying with dignity 4 the horribly ill and aged suffering needlessly - Who's 2 say- some questions- answers and food 4 thought -imho/Do know that God is holding our Canadian Soldiers of Suicide close whilst begging them 2 please stay on earth cause their work's not done- we need them and our children - O Canada


PTSD- This ad just won 'Best Commercial' in The Netherlands.


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BLOGGED:
CANADA MILITARY NEWS: Feb/Mar2014- Help Lines- SEND UP THE COUNT- PTSD/SUICIDE/WOUNDED/LOVED/MISSED- Help Lines/Videos/Blogs/Photos
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Blogged:

CANADA HISTORY OF WHITE SLAVERY/USA/EUROPE- WHITE SERVITUDE (Indentured Servant)...Iran's vicious cruelty (SHAME ON USA) against citizen.... NEDAS..... black Muslim slavery/ Jon Stewart's Rosewater and why it matters... AND THEN THEY CAME 4 ME.....Baha'i-To Light A Candle- and Education is NOT a Crime....#1BRising- why we are still here- Zahra Kazemi, Canadian Iranian Journalist raped, tortured beaten 2 death 4 taking pictures of Evin Prison/#Free Rafi- Saudi Arabia / Mohamed Nadel Fahmy- Canadian Egyptian (bring him home 2 Canada now/ so tired of global politicans (all) selling humanity's soul at the cost of our troops and everyday folks 4 UN $$$greed and war/EDWARD SNOWDEN WINS AN OSCAR


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BLOGGED
CANADA MILITARY NEWS- Black History Nova Scotia and Canada honour, duty and pride - these postings are from 2009 and some from 90s- WILLIAM HALL IS ONE OF MY GREATEST HEROES- VICTORIA CROSS and a true Canadian Military hero... Rocky Jones was another- blogged him- respect and honour /Viola Desmond honours women and Canada/Ike and Tina Turner/Bob Marley... and Gottingen St. 60s and 70s/Incredible Gibson Woods of Nova Scotia historical gem of Black History


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BLOG

CANADA MILITARY NEWS- Nova Scotia-DEADMAN'S ISLAND- the War of 1812 Archives and USA and Canada data honour


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Blogged june 29 2015

Canada Military News: History and Rules of our Flags/ Canada Day- /fun 4 kids/fun/facts/jokes for all/ a little history/ a whole lot of Canada-GETCHA CANADA ON FOLKS /God loves Canada and so do we




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BLOG:
https://ns1763.ca/   Nova scotia’s best historical site ever...done way back when research had so much value – simpatico was cool
1998

ns1763.ca traffic statistics, monthly earnings and website value. Find more data about ns1763.ca.








CANADA MILITARY NEWS- Nova Scotia-DEADMAN'S ISLAND- the War of 1812 Archives and USA and Canada data honour



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BLOG:

CANADA MILITARY NEWS-Wheelchair Rights in Canada/Disabled have great sex lives and always have-global (July 11, 2015)Disability Rights in Canada March 25-2015/Disabilities- Know it 2 own it-Advocating your Rights on Campus... #Disability /Disabilities are abilities in disguise baby!





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"We have a whole new year ahead of us - and wouldn't it be wonderful if we could all be a little more gentle with each other - and a little more loving - have a little more empathy - and maybe next year at this time we'd like each other a little bit more." - JUDY GARLAND
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Egypt el-Sissi inaugurates cathedral, mosque in new capital
Egypt’s president on Sunday inaugurated a new cathedral for the Coptic Orthodox Church and one of the region’s largest mosques in a highly symbolic gesture at a time when Islamic militants are increasingly targeting the country’s minority Christians
The ceremony, attended by Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas and a host of Arab dignitaries, included recorded video messages of support from the region’s top Christian clerics as well as Pope Francis.
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The Palestinian Authority says it is withdrawing its officers from a key crossing point between the Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip and Egypt.
Abbas met with Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi in Cairo on Saturday.
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“There are three things we want to accomplish as part of a withdrawal,” Graham said. “We want to make sure that, when we leave, the Kurds do not get slaughtered . . . We need to make sure ISIS doesn’t come back once they’re defeated, and Iran is not the biggest winner.”
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All this technology is making us anticocial
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Electricity from renewables topped coal in Germany for first time in 2018
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A recent count by the Xerces Society recorded fewer than 30,000 butterflies, which it said is an 86 percent decline since 2017.
By comparison, the group in 1981 counted more than 1 million western monarchs wintering in California, the San Francisco Chronicle reported.


Anderson Cooper honored at Sean Penn’s star-studded benefit


Women of French yellow vest group counter violent image
Women also marched in other cities around France.
Some women tried to rebrand the movement as peaceful through signs reading “I am your daughter” or “I am your Grandma.”

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