BLOG:
New
boss for Camp Aldershot
From
left, Maj. Troy Kennedy, Lt.-Col. Julien
Richard and Maj. Brent Kerr sign change of command documents Aug. 22 at Camp
Aldershot, North Kentville.
Published
on August 26, 2013
Topics
: Aldershot , Canada
By
Sara Ericsson
It
was changeover time last week at Camp Aldershot.
“This
is a bittersweet moment,” said Maj. Troy Kennedy, whose term as commanding
officer of Camp Aldershot ended Aug.22. “I’m giving up command of something
that I care deeply about. This was the best job I’ve ever had.”
The
new commander, Maj. Brent Kerr, was instated during a short ceremony.
After
his introduction, Kerr spoke of how Kennedy had established a connection
between with the surrounding community, and how he hoped he could continue to
do so, both on a small and large scale.
“If
we lose the confidence of the people of Canada, then we are lost,” he said.
Aldershot
is a Land Force Atlantic Area Training Centre.
---------------
The
Coloured Corps: African Canadians and the War of 1812
ARTICLE
CONTENTS: Raising the Coloured Corps
| The Battle of Queenston
Heights | The 1813 Campaigns |
Construction of Fort Mississauga
| Disbandment and Legacy |
African Canadians in British Service
| Links to Other Sites
Blacks
in Early Upper Canada
The
first substantial settlement of African Canadians in UPPER CANADA occurred following
the AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Some, such as Richard Pierpoint, a former slave from
Africa and military veteran of Butler's Rangers, had gained their freedom under
the British Crown during the late war. Most, however, were slaves, brought to
the province as spoils of war or as the property of LOYALIST refugees,
amounting to 700 individuals by the time Lieutenant Governor John Graves SIMCOE
arrived in 1792. Simcoe wished to abolish slavery entirely, but the
Legislature, concerned over the possible economic impact, opposed many of his
reforms. Therefore, his Act Against Slavery, passed on 9 July 1793, was a
severely limited version of his intentions; it banned the further importation
of slaves into Upper Canada, but granted freedom automatically only to those
born in the province. Consequently many African Canadians occupied an uneasy
and caste-like status within early Upper Canadian society.
-------------------
First
Nations in the War of 1812
ARTICLE
CONTENTS: The Emergence of Tecumseh
| The War of 1812: A Turning
Point |
Suggested Reading | Links to Other Sites
The
First Nations played a significant role in the WAR OF 1812. The peace treaty of
1783, which concluded the AMERICAN REVOLUTION, was not the first time that
their British allies disappointed the First Nations. The ceding of all lands
west of the Ohio River to the United States caused shock among the western
tribes. The same thing had happened to the MI'KMAQ and MALISEET in the TREATY
OF UTRECHT. The attempt to form some kind of coalition among the First Nations
became an urgent political necessity in the face of inexorable American
expansionism.
To
this end, 35 nations assembled at Sandusky, in the Wyandot territory of Ohio.
Joseph BRANT (Thayendanegea) was one of the leaders trying to forge an
alliance, on the lines of the SIX NATIONS. The tribes discussed a looser
confederacy and agreed to hold the boundary that had been established by the
Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768. But time and again the Americans showed that
they had no intention of honouring ABORIGINAL RIGHTS. Americans assumed that by
their declaration of independence they automatically acquired title to all land
east of the Mississippi. In the battles that erupted, the First Nations twice
defeated the Americans, but the latter rallied a large expedition and destroyed
the coalition at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.
In
1807, after the CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR, the British concluded that a fight with the
Americans was inevitable. London instructed Governor General Sir James CRAIG to
ensure the loyalty of the western First Nations. With their commitments in the
NAPOLEONIC WARS raging in Europe, the British were convinced that First Nations
support would be vital in an upcoming war. Despite the betrayals in the past,
even the unreliable British looked preferable to the expansionist Americans.
The
Emergence of Tecumseh
After the death of Brant, a new leader
emerged, the Shawnee war chief TECUMSEH ("Shooting Star"). Tecumseh
sided with the British not because he trusted them, but because he saw them as
the lesser of two evils. In his mission, Tecumseh was linked with a religious
leader, his brother TENSKWATAWA. Known as "the Prophet,"
Tenskwatawa's nativist religious revival prepared the way for Tecumseh's
political intertribal movement. Tecumseh preached that the land belonged to all
the First Nations, not to specific groups, and that no tribe had the right to
surrender any land. That could only be done with the agreement of all.
Tecumseh
was an imposing figure who combined a passionate concern for his people with an
acute strategic military sense. His colleague Isaac BROCK declared that if
Tecumseh were English he would have been a great general. During the War of 1812,
some 35 tribal nations fought under Tecumseh, who worked tirelessly to gain the
support of the Potawatomi, Ojibwa, Shawnee, Ottawa, Kikapoos and others. He had
less success with some, notably the Creeks.
Following
the depression in the fur trade after 1808, destitute First Nations turned to
the British for help and the British responded generously. AMHERSTBURG became a
centre for "gift distribution" of food, clothing, nets, traps,
snares, guns and ammunition. Americans were convinced that the British were
preparing the First Nations for war. In point of fact the British were far more
interested in fostering peace and trade than in war.
In
a dispute over First Nations resistance to land surveyors, the Indiana governor
William Henry Harrison took advantage of Tecumseh's absence to attack
Prophetstown, at the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers. After some heavy losses from
a First Nations attack, Harrison burned Prophetstown to the ground, destroyed
the food supply and disinterred the bodies of the dead. Tecumseh was anxious
for revenge and impatient in waiting on the British.
The
War of 1812: A Turning Point
The War of 1812 was a turning point for the
First Nations, being the last conflict in north-eastern North America in which
their participation was important, if not critical. The First Nations were
largely responsible for the fall of MICHILIMACKINAC on 17 July 1812; the
surprise attack had been worked out by Tecumseh. After the victory at
Michilimackinac, First Nations flocked to the British cause. Their presence
with Brock at DETROIT was instrumental in the surrender on 16 August of a
superior force. Tecumseh and General Brock rode side by side into the fallen
fort. In turn, the fall of Detroit encourage the Six Nations, who were an
important factor in the American defeat at QUEENSTON HEIGHTS on 13 October when
they appeared in an auspicious moment under the leadership of John NORTON
(Teyoninhokarawen).
Tecumseh's
forces cut an American force to pieces at Fort Meigs, Ohio, 5 May 1813. But
control was slipping away as the Americans destroyed the Creek nation.
Meanwhile, an American naval victory on LAKE ERIE, 10 September, cut the
British supply line to Amherstburg, thus endangering First Nations support.
The
Iroquois played the central role in the BATTLE OF BEAVER DAMS, 24 June 1813.
According to John Norton, "the Caughnawaga fought the battle, the Mohawk
got the plunder and [British general] FITZGIBBON got the credit."
Tecumseh
was unimpressed with the new British general who had succeeded Brock, Henry
PROCTER. In retreat Procter decided, perhaps at Tecumseh's urging, to make a
stand at MORAVIANTOWN (on the Thames River). The brunt of the fighting fell to
the First Nations and they were routed and Tecumseh was killed. No one knows
what happened to the great chief's body. His loss is hard to overestimate and
with him went the remains of the nativist movement. Nevertheless, First Nations
warriors continued to fight until the end of the war. The Americans saw an
opportunity and persuaded some First Nations to join their cause, and a group
of Seneca fought on the US side at CHIPPAWA 5 July 1814.
While
the First Nations made valuable allies, they were not always easy for the
Europeans to deal with. They had a very different philosophy of war, summed up
by the great Sauk leader BLACK HAWK as "to kill the enemy and to save our
own people." First Nations warriors preferred to rely on stealth and
spontaneous attack. They were puzzled and sometimes appalled by European
tactics and by the extreme casualties the Europeans seemed to countenance.
During
negotiations for the TREATY OF GHENT, the British did try to bargain for the
establishment of an Indian Territory but the Americans resolutely refused to
agree. The most that they would accept was the status quo before the war. This
was a profound disappointment and loss for the First Nations, since, despite
all their efforts, they were unable to recover lost territory. Three years
after the death of Tecumseh, Indiana became a state and began to remove all
First Nations from their traditional lands.
In
Canada, the War of 1812 was the end of an era in which the First Nations had
been able to keep their positions in return for service in war. Soon, with the
growth of Upper Canada, the First Nations were outnumbered in their own lands.
It was almost forgotten that if not for their support Upper Canada might very
well have fallen into American hands.
Author
JAMES MARSH
Suggested
Reading
Olive P. Dickason, Canada's First Nations: A
History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times (1992).
Links
to Other Sites
Canadian
Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge
The website for the Canadian Aboriginal
Writing and Arts Challenge, which features Canada's largest essay writing
competition for Aboriginal youth (ages 14-29) and a companion program for those
who prefer to work through painting, drawing and photography. See their guidelines,
teacher resources, profiles of winners, and more. From Historica Canada.
Life
of Tecumseh and of His Brother The Prophet
See a digitized online copy of an 1841
biography of Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet. Focuses on their pivotal
roles as First Nations leaders in the War of 1812. See the "Table of
Contents" for chapter highlights. From canadiana.org.
The
story of Tecumseh
The full text of a 1912 book "The story
of Tecumseh." Scroll down to page ix for a list of images of Tecumseh and
scenes of various battles. Right click on some images to rotate scenes
clockwise. Part of the "Canadian Heroes Series" written for younger
students. Contains some outdated phrases and vernacular language. Note: a large
PDF document. From the archive.org website.
Veterans
of the War of 1812
View a photo of veterans of the War of 1812.
From left to right: John Smoke Johnson, Jacob Warner and John Tutlee. Warner
and Tutlee were two of the Iroquois warriors who encountered Laura Secord as
she approached the British camp to warn of an impending American invasion. The
Iroquois led her to Lieutenant Fitzgibbon, whose troops mobilized and overcame the
Americans. From the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
Statement
of Significance – Michigan in the War of 1812
A concise summary of the lasting impact of the
War of 1812 on the development of the state of Michigan. From the Michigan
Commission on the Commemoration of the Bicentennial of the War of 1812. A PDF
document.
Fort
Meigs
A visitors' guide for Fort Meigs, a historic
US Army post in Perrysburg, Ohio. It was the location of two failed attacks led
by British general Henry Proctor and Shawnee leader Tecumseh during the War of
1812. Click on "Meet the People" for more information.
The
Battle of Frenchtown
A brief (American) account of the Battle of
Frenchtown (Battle of the River Raisin), a bloody engagement that was a major
defeat for American forces. Check the menu at the left side of the page for
more information, maps, and illustrations. From the riverraisinbattlefield.org
website.
British
defeat spelled the end of Fort Meigs
A brief newspaper story about the military
significance of the British defeat at Fort Meigs in 1813. A Niagara Falls
Review article at discover1812.com.
Sose
Sononsese and John Pegeon Omeme
See the Military General Service Medal awarded
to Sose Sononsese and John Pegeon Omeme, two of only 103 surviving Canadian
First Nations 'warriors' to receive their medal. From the National Army Museum
website at the National Archives in the UK.
Ohio
Archaeology Blog: Tippecanoe and Two Horses Too
An extensive description of the British
attacks on Fort Meigs, Ohio, in the War of 1812. Includes details about
archaeological finds unearthed at this historic site. From the Ohio Archaeology
Blog.
In
Their Own Words -- Aboriginal Leaders and the War of 1812
See excerpts from key speeches delivered by
Tecumseh and Black Hawk to First Nations followers and British military
officers during the War of 1812. From the War of 1812 Magazine.
Rural
Raids and Divided Loyalties: Southwestern Ontario and the War of 1812
An account of the "Battle of Malcom's
Mills," the last military action ever fought on Canadian soil against a
foreign power. From the website for the Ontario Visual Heritage Project.
Leading
Myths of the War of 1812
This article debunks some of the more
outlandish myths about British and American achievements in the War of 1812.
From the War of 1812 Magazine.
Remember
the Raisin! Anatomy of a Demon Myth
This article examines historic biases and
inaccuracies in American accounts and claims of British complicity in regard to
supposedly unrestrained treacherous actions of First Nations warriors at the
Battle of Frenchtown in the War of 1812. From the War of 1812 Magazine at
napoleon-series.org. Note: contains common 19th century vernacular references.
Niagara
Parks: Commemorative Plaques & Markers
See the text of individual plaques and markers
commemorating the War of 1812 found throughout the grounds of Niagara Parks in
Ontario. Also, check this site for more information about specific park
locations and events.
The
Trial of Red Jacket
An 1869 print depicting the trial of Seneca
chief Red Jacket, who fought on the side of the Americans in the War of 1812.
Click on the image for an enlarged view. From 1812history.com
Aboriginal
People in the Canadian Military: In Defence of their Homelands
Scroll down the page for an illustrated
account of how the leaders of the First Nations actively supported the British
fight against American forces in the War of 1812. From the website for the
Department of National Defence.
Black
Hawk
A profile of Black Hawk, a First Nations
leader who supported the British side during the War of 1812. From the Black
Hawk State Historic Site at Rock Island, Illinois.
----------------
The
Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada - Camp Aldershot
The
Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada is a reserve infantry ... The
2nd Canadian Highland Battalion originated in Aldershot, Nova Scotia
The
Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada
Volunteers
have served since the regiment's inception in Montreal on January 31, 1862 as
the 5th Battalion, Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada.[3] The rise of American
military strength during the Civil War concerned Canada. The government
authorized formation of militia regiments. Each of six Montreal Scottish
chieftains responded by raising an infantry company for the 5th Battalion.
Eventually, eight companies were raised.[3] Since then, thousands of Canadian
citizens have served in the Black Watch. In addition to service during the
Fenian raids, they have fought in the Great War and the Second World War;
bolstered NATO operations in Europe and UN peacekeeping worldwide; and helped
their fellow Canadians at home during the 1998 Ice Storm (Operation ASSISTANCE)
and 2011 flooding in Quebec (Operation LOTUS).
The
Black Watch is the oldest highland regiment in Canada.[3] The Black Watch
(Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada originated in Montreal, Quebec on 31
January 1862 as the 5th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles, Canada. It was
redesignated as the 5th Battalion, The Royal Light Infantry of Montreal on 7
November 1862, as the 5th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers on 19 November 1875. The
Regiment officially became a Scottish Regiment when it was redesignated as the
5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers on 27 February 1880. It was subsequently
redesignated the 5th Battalion, Royal Scots of Canada on 29 February 1884, the
5th Regiment Royal Scots of Canada on 8 May 1900, the 5th Regiment, Royal Scots
of Canada, Highlanders, on 2 May 1904, the 5th Regiment, Royal Highlanders of
Canada, on 1 October 1906, the The Royal Highlanders of Canada on 29 March
1920, The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) of Canada on 1 January 1930, finally
assuming its current name, The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada
on 1 July 1935. On 16 October 1953, it was amalgamated with the 1st and 2nd
Canadian Highland Battalions.
The
Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada is a reserve infantry regiment
in 34 Brigade Group, Land Force Quebec Area. The regiment is located on rue de
Bleury in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and is currently commanded by Lieutenant
Colonel Christopher Phare, CD. The regiment's armoury was designated a National
Historic Site of Canada in 2008.[1][2] They are the Senior Canadian-Scottish
Regiment.
----------------------------------
1914
Brent
Fox has the brain of a fox and is brilliant, and totally military loving and
prideful of Canada's service.... pure Canadian
Camp
Aldershot Serving since 1904- by Brent Fox
Nova
Scotia Canada
Date
Listed 31-Jul-13
Last
Edited 02-Aug-13
Price $4.00
Address 37 Cornwallis Street, Kentville, NS B4N,
Canada
View
map
Brent
Fox, well known authority on military history covers the history of the camp
from 1904 through to the 1980s. Text and pictures. 24 pages. $4.00 plus $2.00
S&H. This copy is new.
This
item is sold at the Kings County Museum in Kentville. The museum is open Monday
to Friday from 9-4, and Saturdays from 9-3 in the summer. For purchase of item,
only cash is accepted.
--------------
The
West Nova Scotia Regiment
The
West Nova Scotia Regiment are a Land Force Reserve infantry regiment.
The
West Nova Scotia Regiment
The-West-NSR.png
Headquarters:
ARTC Aldershot, NS
Perpetuates:
The Annapolis Regiment and The Lunenburg Regiment
Colonel
in Chief: None
Regimental
Birthday: October 8th
Current
Role: Light Infantry
Higher
Formation: 36 Canadian Brigade Group
Contents
[hide] 1 Current Information
2
Current Training
3
Uniforms and Traditions
4
Brief History
5
Battle Honours 5.1 First World War
5.2
Second World War
6
External Links
Current
Information
Location:
Aldershot, Nova Scotia
Mailing
Address: N/A
Telephone
Number: (902) 678-7930 ext 2121
Recruiting
Contacts: MCpl Meaden
Commanding
Officer: Major T.W. Harris
Regimental
Sergeant Major: CWO Lawrence
Honorary
Colonel: Col Hon. John Gordon Leefe ECNS DCL
Honorary
Lieutenant-Colonel: LCol E. Meisner
Honorary
Commanding Offier: MGen M.P. Bogert, CBE, DSO, CD
Abbreviation/Regimental
Short Title: The official abbreviation as used in military correspondence, and
worn on the shoulder title, is West NS Regt
Higher
Formation: The West Nova Scotia Regiment are just one unit of 36 Canadian
Brigade Group, headquartered in Halifax and including all Reserve Army units
throughout the province. The Brigade is part of Land Force Atlantic Area.
Current
Training
OBUA
Trailing, November 2005.
MISSING
DESCRIPTION
Uniforms
and Traditions
Regimental
March (Quick Time): "God Bless the Prince Of Wales"
Regimental
March (Slow Time): "Garb of Auld Gaul"
Motto:
Semper Fidelis (Latin for Always Faithful).
Armorial
Description
Within
an annulus surmounted by the Crown and inscribed WEST NOVA SCOTIA REGIMENT and
SEMPER FIDELIS, a shield bearing St. Andrew's Cross, cantoned; in chief, a
church and the statue of Evangeline; in base, a fishing schooner; in flanks, a
Mayflower; below the annulus a scroll inscribed CANADA, the whole superimposed
on an eight pointed sunburst.
Regimental
Alliance: The Queen's Lancashire Regiment, Preston, England
Brief
History
The
West Nova Scotia Regiment (West NSR) is one of the oldest regiments on the
Canadian Militia List. The Regiment was formed from both the 69th Annapolis
Regiment (1717), and the 75th Lunenburg Regiment, (1870) in 1936. Both
regiments descended from the 40th Regiment of Foot, the Prince of wales
Volunteers, which was raised on the 23rd of August, 1717 at Fort Anne,
Annapolis Royal, NS.
When
World War II broke out on the 1st day of September 1939, the West NSR was
mobilized as an active service force battalion. The active service battalion
left Halifax and disembarked at Gourock, Scotland shortly after Christmas in
1939; they immediately entrained for Aldershot, England. On June 15, 1943 the
regiment embarked from England, in the first part of "Operation
Husky" the invasion of Sicily. The West Nova Scotia Regiment was the first
allied unit to land and stay on the continent of Eurcpe for the entire duration
of the war.
The
Regiment continued to fight in Italy until February 9, 1945, when LCol Hiltz
received orders informing him that the ist Canadian Corps would be transferred
from Italy to Northwest Europe. The Regiment moved to Marseilles, France, by
sea and arrived in Holland until the German surrender on May 5, 1945. During
this time the Regiment won twenty six theatre and battle honours, in addition
to the Distinguished Service Order, the Military Cross, Distinguished Conduct
Medal and many others. From Sicily to Holland there are 352 graves of West
Novas who paid the final sacrifice during the war. There were also 1084 wounded
and missing.
Since
World War Ii the West Nova Scotia Regiment has been a unit of the Canadian
Armed Force - reserves. it has contributed soldiers to UN peace keeping tours
in countries such as the former Yugoslavia, Cyprus and the Middle East. Our
soldiers have participated in continuous unit training and individually in
bases across Canada, United States and Great Britain.
Battle
Honours
32
total, including the combined battle honours of The Annapolis Regiment and The
Lunenburg Regiment.
First World War
ARRAS,
1917, '18
AMIENS
HILL
70
HINDENBURG
LINE
YPRES,
1917
PURSUIT
TO MONS
Second World War
LANDING
IN SICILY
Gustav Line
Valguarnera
Liri Valley
Adrano
HITLER
LINE
CATENANUOVA
Melfa Crossing
Centuripe
GOTHIC
LINE
Sicily, 1943
LAMONE
CROSSING
Landing at Reggio
RIMINI
LINE
POTENZA
San Martino-San Lorenzo
Ganbatesa
San Fortunato
THE
SANGRO
Savio Bridgehead
Castel di Sangro
Italy 1943-1945
THE
GULLY
Apeldoorn
Cassino II
NORTH-WEST
EUROPE 1945
The
battle honours in bold print are borne on the Regimental Colour.
--------------------------
Kings
County Museum
old
kings county courthouse museum
------------------
Kings
County Vignettes
The
Battle of Blomidon
The
History and Geography of Nova Scotia by John B. Calkin, published in 1878, has
a
chapter on the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the paragraph "Nova
Scotia
During
the War" he states:"During the war the coast settlements were kept in
constant
alarm by privateers fitted out in New England. Yarmouth, Annapolis,
Cornwallis,
Lunenburg, and other places were plundered. Two armed vessels came
up
Annapolis Basin. The invaders seized the block-house, spiked the cannon, and
then
loaded their vessels with whatever they found of value in the houses and
shops.
A militia force from Cornwallis captured a privateer in the Bay of Fundy, and
brought
in the crew as prisoners." (pp.148-149).
A
History of Nova Scotia or Acadie by Beamish Murdock, Esq. Q.C. , published in
1886,
has a chapter on the part Nova Scotia played in the American Revolutionary
War.
He has this statement: "All persons were called upon to swear allegiance.
Light
infantry
companies were directed to be formed."
Following
this is a list of all centers in the province, and states that Cornwallis and
Horton
each had fifty men ready to protect the area.
The
following poem given to Kings Historical Society by Ms. Belle Belcher Robinson
refers
to Benjamin Belcher who was born in Gibraltar in 1743 and died in Cornwallis
in
1802. Others mentioned in the poem -- Amos Sheffield, Will Bishop and Jonathan
Crane
-- are well known in the history of Cornwallis and Horton.
THE
BATTLE OF BLOMIDON May 21, 1781
Marauders
from Maine on our shores made a swoop;
The
cannon were seven that spoke from their sloop;
And
hands that were greedy clutched gladly upon
A
ship Amos Sheffield had filled for Saint John.
Their
sally was smashed in ten minutes or sooner;
Yanks
captured Will Bishop and Jonathan Crane
And
all of their party who struggled in vain.
Thus
loaded with loot and captives galore,
Three
vessels set out from Cornwallis shore,
Then
Benjamin Belcher, once born at Gibraltar,
Was
fit to be tied in an over-sized halter;
He
learned where a vessel with guns might be got,
And
rode like a madman to Horton Town Plot.
We
were twenty-eight strong in the schooner SUCCESS,
Militiamen
bold who with Belcher did press
By
horse out to Horton and clambered on board,
And
sailed on the track of our foe-men abhorred.
The
season was May and the orchards were white;
It
seemed a grand day for a wonderful fight.
With
the tide running in, they were caught at the Cape;
We
hammered their sloop, and in haste to escape
Some
took to their dories and scrambled to land
While
others lay dead in the ship they had manned.
Still
slowed by the tide was the schooner they'd taken
And
this by its captors was quickly forsaken,
And
promptly Will Bishop and Jonathan Crane
Discomfit
their guards and a victory gain.
Thus
over the Basin by noon we withdrew
With
three captured ships and our jubilant crew.
"The
blow that we struck at the Cape was a squelcher!"
Remarked
our stout commodore, Benjamin Belcher.
(Watson
Kirkconnell)
Old
Kings Couty Courthouse Museum
-----------------
FOLKS
IN CANADA IT'S ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT RELIGION-
we ROMAN CATHOLICS AND
PROTESTANTS..... fight over religion- sound familiar since 1600s
Military
history of Nova Scotia
Events
Battle
of Port Royal
1690
Conquest
of Acadia
1710
Battle
of Jeddore Harbour
1722
Northeast
Coast Campaign
1745
Battle
of Grand Pré
1747
Dartmouth
Massacre
1751
Bay
of Fundy Campaign
1755
Fall
of Louisbourg
1758
Headquarters
established for Royal Navy's North American Station
1758
Burying
the Hatchet ceremony
1761
Battle
of Fort Cumberland
1776
Raid
on Lunenburg
1782
Halifax
Impressment Riot
1805
Establishment
of New Ireland
1812
Capture
of USS Chesapeake
1813
Battle
at the Great Redan
1855
Siege
of Lucknow
1857
CSS
Tallahassee Escape
1861
Departing
Halifax for Northwest Rebellion
1885
Departing
Halifax for the Boer War
1899
Imprisonment
of Leon Trotsky
1917
Jewish
Legion formed
1917
Battle
of the St. Lawrence
1942–44
Sinking
of the SS Point Pleasant Park
1945
Halifax
VE-Day Riot
1945
Wheelchair
accessible bus invented
1947
Other
Nova
Scotia Captivity Narratives
40th
Regiment of Foot
Troupes
de la marine
Gorham's
Rangers
Danks'
Rangers
84th
Regiment of Foot, 2nd Battalion
Royal
Fencible American Regiment
Royal
Nova Scotia Regiment
Impressment
in Nova Scotia
West
Nova Scotia Regiment
The
Nova Scotia Highlanders
Cape
Breton Highlanders
The
Halifax Rifles (RCAC)
1st
(Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment
The
Princess Louise Fusiliers
Portal
icon Nova Scotia portal
Portal
icon History of Canada portal
Portal
icon Canadian Armed Forces portal
v·
t·
e
Nova
Scotia (also known as Mi'kma'ki and Acadia) is a Canadian province located in
Canada's Maritimes. The region was initially occupied by Mi'kmaq.[1] During the
first 150 years of European settlement, the colony was primarily made up of
Catholic Acadians, Maliseet and Mi'kmaq. During this time period, there were
six colonial wars that took place in Nova Scotia over a seventy-five year
period (see the French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War and Father
Le Loutre's War). After agreeing to several peace treaties, the seventy-five
year period of war ended with the Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony between the
British and the Mi'kmaq (1761) and two years later when the British defeated
the French in North America (1763). During these wars, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and
Maliseet from the region fought to protect the border of Acadia from New
England. They fought the war on two fronts: the southern border of Acadia,
which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[2] The other
front was in Nova Scotia and involved preventing New Englanders from taking the
capital of Acadia, Port Royal (See Queen Anne's War), establishing themselves
at Canso (See Father Rale's War) and founding Halifax (see Father Le Loutre's
War).
During
the French and Indian War, Halifax was established as the British Headquarters
of the North American Station (see Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax). As a result
Nova Scotia was active throughout the American Revolution and the War of 1812.
Nova Scotians also played prominent roles in the Crimean War and the Indian
Mutiny.
Contents
[hide] 1 Seventeenth century 1.1 Port Royal
established
1.2
Scottish and French Conflict
1.3
Acadian Civil War
1.4
Wabanaki Confederacy
1.5
King William's War
2
Eighteenth century 2.1 Queen Anne's War
2.2
40th Regiment of Foot
2.3
Father Rale's War
2.4
King George's War
2.5
Father Le Loutre's War
2.6
French and Indian War 2.6.1 British deportation campaigns 2.6.1.1 Bay of Fundy
(1755)
2.6.1.2
Cape Sable
2.6.1.3
Ile St. Jean and Ile Royale
2.6.1.4
Petitcodiac River Campaign
2.6.1.5
St. John River Campaign
2.6.1.6
Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign
2.6.1.7
Restigouche
2.6.1.8
Halifax
2.6.2
Acadian, Maliseet and Mi’kmaq resistance 2.6.2.1 Annapolis (Fort Anne)
2.6.2.2
Piziquid (Fort Edward)
2.6.2.3
Chignecto (Fort Cumberland)
2.6.2.4
Lawrencetown
2.6.2.5
Maine
2.6.2.6
Lunenburg
2.6.2.7
Halifax
2.7
Bury the Hatchet Ceremony
2.8
Headquarters of the North American Station
2.9
American Revolution
3
Nineteenth century 3.1 Napoleonic Wars 3.1.1 Halifax Impressment Riot
3.2
War of 1812
3.3
Crimean War
3.4
Indian Mutiny
3.5
American Civil War
3.6
North West Rebellion
4
Twentieth century 4.1 Second Boer War
4.2
First World War
4.3
Second World War
4.4
Korean War
5
Notable Nova Scotian military figures 5.1 17th-18th centuries 5.1.1 See also
5.2
19th century
5.3
20th century
5.4
Nova Scotian Victoria Cross Recipients
6
See also
7
References
8
Bibliography
9
External links
Seventeenth
century[edit source]
Port
Royal established[edit source]
Main
article: Habitation at Port-Royal
The
first European settlement in Nova Scotia was established in 1605. The French,
led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts established the first capital for the
colony Acadia at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.[3] Other than a few trading posts
around the province, for the next seventy-five years, Port Royal was virtually
the only European settlement in Nova Scotia. Port Royal (later renamed
Annapolis Royal) remained the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for
almost 150 years, prior to the founding of Halifax in 1749.
Approximately
seventy-five years after Port Royal was founded, Acadians migrated from the
capital and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements
before the Expulsion of the Acadians: Grand Pré, Chignecto, Cobequid and
Pisiguit.
Until
the Conquest of Acadia, the English made six attempts to conquer Acadia by
defeating the capital. They finally defeated the French in the Siege of Port
Royal in 1710. Over the following fifty years, the French and their allies made
six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital.[4]
Scottish
and French Conflict[edit source]
From
1629-1632, Nova Scotia briefly became a Scottish colony. Sir William Alexander
of Menstrie Castle, Scotland claimed mainland Nova Scotia and settled at Port
Royal, while Ochiltree claimed Ile Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island) and
settled at Baleine, Nova Scotia. There were three battles between the Scottish
and the French: the Raid on St. John (1632), the Siege of Baleine (1629) as
well as Siege of Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia) (1630).
Nova Scotia was returned to France through a treaty.[5]
The
French quickly defeated the Scottish at Baleine and established settlements on
Ile Royale at present day Englishtown (1629) and St. Peter's (1630). These two
settlements remained the only settlements on the island until they were
abandoned by Nicolas Denys in 1659. Ile Royale then remained vacant for more
than fifty years until the communities were re-established when Louisbourg was
established in 1713.
Acadian
Civil War[edit source]
Main
article: Acadian Civil War
Siege of St. John (1745) - d'Aulnay defeats La
Tour in Acadia
Acadia
was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war between
1640–1645. The war was between Port Royal, where Governor of Acadia Charles de
Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day Saint John, New
Brunswick, where Governor of Acadia. Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour was
stationed.[6]
In
the war, there were four major battles. la Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal
in 1640.[7] In response to the attack, D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to
establish a five month blockade of La Tour's fort at Saint John, which La Tour
eventually defeated (1643). La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in
1643. d'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the
1645 siege of Saint John.[8] After d'Aulnay died (1650), La Tour re-established
himself in Acadia.
Marker commemorating the Dutch conquest of
Acadia (1674), which they renamed New Holland. This is the spot where Jurriaen
Aernoutsz buried a bottle at the capital of Acadia, Fort Pentagouet, Castine,
Maine
In
1674, the Dutch briefly conquered Acadia, renaming the colony New Holland.
Wabanaki
Confederacy[edit source]
In
response to King Phillips War in New England (which included the first military
conflict between the Mi'kmaq and New England), the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people
from this region joined the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and
military alliance with New France.[9] The Mi'kmaq and Maliseet were very
significant military allies to New France through six wars.
King
William's War[edit source]
During
King William's War, the Mi'kmaq, Acadians and Maliseet participated in
defending Acadia at its border with New England, which New France defined as
the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[2] Toward this end, the Maliseet from
their headquarters at Meductic on the Saint John River, joined the New France
expedition against present-day Bristol, Maine (the Siege of Pemaquid (1689)),
Salmon Falls and present-day Portland, Maine. In response, the New Englanders
retaliated by attacking Port Royal and present-day Guysborough. In 1694, the
Maliseet participated in the Raid on Oyster River at present-day Durham, New
Hampshire. Two years later, New France, led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville,
returned and fought a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy before moving on to raid
Bristol, Maine again. In retaliation, the New Englanders, led by Benjamin
Church, engaged in a Raid on Chignecto (1696) and the siege of the Capital of
Acadia at Fort Nashwaak. After the Siege of Pemaquid (1696), d'Iberville led a
force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abanakis in the Avalon Peninsula
Campaign. They destroyed almost every Engish settlement in Newfoundland, over
100 English were killed, many times that number captured, and almost 500
deported to England or France.[10]
At
the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the Treaty of
Ryswick and the borders of Acadia remained the same.
Eighteenth
century[edit source]
Queen
Anne's War[edit source]
During
Queen Anne's War, the Mi'kmaq, Acadians and Maliseet participated again in
defending Acadia at its border against New England. They made numerous raids on
New England settlements along the border in the Northeast Coast Campaign, the
most famous being the Raid on Deerfield. In retaliation, Major Benjamin Church
went on his fifth and final expedition to Acadia. He raided present-day
Castine, Maine and then continued on by conducting raids against Grand Pre,
Pisiquid and Chignecto. A few years later, defeated in the Siege of Pemaquid
(1696), Captain March made an unsuccessful siege on the Capital of Acadia, Port
Royal (1707). The New Englanders were successful with the Siege of Port Royal
(1710), while the Wabanaki Conferacy were successful in the nearby Battle of
Bloody Creek in 1711.
During
Queen Anne's War, the Conquest of Acadia (1710) was confirmed by the Treaty of
Utrecht of 1713. Acadia was defined as mainland-Nova Scotia by the French.
Present-day New Brunswick and most of Maine remained contested territory, while
New England conceded present-day Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton Island,
which France quickly renamed Île St Jean and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island)
respectively. On the latter island, the French established a fortress at
Louisbourg to guard the sea approaches to Quebec.
40th
Regiment of Foot[edit source]
The
40th Regiment of Foot was the first British regiment to be raised in Nova
Scotia and was commanded directly by four consecutive Governors of Nova Scotia
over a period of forty-two years. The regiment was raised by General Richard
Philipps in August 1717 out of independent companies stationed in North America
and the West Indies. The Regiment was first known as Philipp's regiment
(1717-1749), Cornwallis' Regiment (1749-1752). In 1751, the regiment was
numbered the "40th Regiment of Foot" and became known as 40th
Hopson's Regiment (1752-1759). The 40th fought through Father Rale's War, King
George's War, Father Le Loutre's War and then the French and Indian War.[11]
Father
Rale's War[edit source]
During
the excalation that proceeded Father Rale's War (1722–1725), Mi'kmaq raided the
new fort at Canso, Nova Scotia (1720). Under potential siege, in May 1722,
Lieutenant Governor John Doucett took 22 Mi'kmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal to
prevent the capital from being attacked.[12] In July 1722 the Abenaki and
Mi'kmaq created a blockade of Annapolis Royal, with the intent of starving the
capital.[13] The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from
present-day Yarmouth to Canso. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the
Bay of Fundy.
Duc
d'Anville Expedition: Action between HMS Nottingham and the Mars.
As
a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor Samuel Shute
officially declared war on July 22, 1722.[14] The first battle of Father Rale's
War happened in the Nova Scotia theatre.[15] In response to the blockade of
Annapolis Royal, at the end of July 1722, New England launched a campaign to
end the blockade and retrieve over 86 New England prisoners taken by the
natives. One of these operations resulted in the Battle at Jeddore.[16] The
next was a raid on Canso in 1723.[17]
The
worst moment of the war for the capital came in early July 1724 when a group of
sixty Mikmaq and Maliseets raided Annapolis Royal. They killed and scalped a
sergeant and a private, wounded four more soldiers, and terrorized the village.
They also burned houses and took prisoners.[18] The British responded by
executing one of the Mi'kmaq hostages on the same spot the sergeant was killed.
They also burned three Acadian houses in retaliation.[19]
As
a result of the raid, three blockhouses were built to protect the town. The
Acadian church was moved closer to the fort so that it could be more easily
monitored.[20]
In
1725, sixty Abenakis and Mi'kmaq launched another attack on Canso, destroying
two houses and killing six people.[21]
The
treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with
the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. For the first time a European Empire formally
acknowledged that its dominion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated
with the region's indigenous inhabitants. The treaty was invoked as recently as
1999 in the Donald Marshall case.[22]
King
George's War[edit source]
Siege
of Louisbourg (1745) by Peter Monamy
News
of war declarations reached the French fortress at Louisbourg first, on May 3,
1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities.
Concerned about their overland supply lines to Quebec, they first raided the
British fishing port of Canso on May 23, and then organized an attack on
Annapolis Royal, then the capital of Nova Scotia. However, French forces were
delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their Mi'kmaq and Maliseet allies decided
to attack on their own in early July. Annapolis had received news of the war
declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging Fort
Anne. Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days. Then, in
mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable
to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which was relieved
by the New Engand company of Gorham's Rangers. In 1745, British colonial forces
conducted the Siege of Port Toulouse (St. Peter's) and then captured Fortress
Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks. France launched a major expedition to
recover Acadia in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its
commander, the Duc d'Anville, it returned to France in tatters without reaching
its objective.
Father
Le Loutre's War[edit source]
Fort
Edward (built 1750). The oldest blockhouse in North America.
Despite
the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied
by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements
in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day
Shelburne (1715) and Canso (1720). A generation later, Father Le Loutre's War
began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on
June 21, 1749.[23] By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were
violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after
Father Rale's War.[24] The British quickly began to build other settlements. To
guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant
settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill)
(1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753) and
Lawrencetown (1754).[25] There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these
villages such as the Raid on Dartmouth (1751).
Within
18 months of establishing Halifax, the British also took firm control of
peninsula Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian
communities: present-day Windsor (Fort Edward); Grand Pre (Fort Vieux Logis)
and Chignecto (Fort Lawrence). (A British fort already existed at the other
major Acadian centre of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Cobequid remained without
a fort.)[25] There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these
fortifications such as the Siege of Grand Pre.
French
and Indian War[edit source]
St.
John River Campaign: Raid on Grimrose (present day Gagetown, New Brunswick).
This is the only contemporaneous image of the Expulsion of the Acadians
The
final colonial war was the French and Indian War. The British Conquest of
Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to
sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period
Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and
maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort
Beausejour.[26]
During
the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat
Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to
Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.[27]
The
British began the Expulsion of the Acadians with the Bay of Fundy Campaign
(1755). Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians were removed from Nova
Scotia.[28] During the various campaigns of the expulsion, the Acadian and
Native resistance to the British intensified.
British
deportation campaigns[edit source]
Bay
of Fundy (1755)[edit source]
Sambro
Island Lighthouse - oldest lighthouse in North America (1758)
Main
article: Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)
The
first wave of the expulsion began on August 10, 1755, with the Bay of Fundy
Campaign (1755) during the French and Indian War.[29] The British ordered the
expulsion of the Acadians after the Battle of Beausejour (1755). The Campaign
started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to Grand Pre, Piziquid (Falmouth/
Windsor, Nova Scotia) and finally Annapolis Royal.[30]
On
November 17, 1755, during the Bay of Fundy Campaign at Chignecto, George Scott
took 700 troops and attacked twenty houses at Memramcook. They arrested the
Acadians who remained and killed two hundred head of livestock, to deprive the
French of supplies.[31] Many Acadians tried to escape the Expulsion by
retreating to St. John and Petitcodiac rivers, and the Miramichi in New
Brunswick. The British cleared the Acadians from these areas in the later
campaigns of Petitcodiac River, St. John River, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence in
1758.
Cape
Sable[edit source]
Cape
Sable included Port La Tour and the surrounding area (a much larger area than
simply Cape Sable Island). In April 1756, Major Preble and his New England
troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement near Port La Tour and
captured 72 men, women and children.[32]
In
the late summer of 1758, Major Henry Fletcher led the 35th regiment and a
company of Gorham's Rangers to Cape Sable. He cordoned off the cape and sent
his men through it. One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptistee de Gray
surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mi'kmaq escaped. The Acadian
prisoners were taken to Georges Island in Halifax Harbour.[33]
En
route to the St. John River Campaign in September 1758, Moncton sent Major
Roger Morris, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325
soldiers, to deport more Acadians. On October 28, his troops sent the women and
children to Georges Island. The men were kept behind and forced to work with
troops to destroy their village. On October 31, they were also sent to
Halifax.[34] In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to
take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them
on June 29.[35]
Ile
St. Jean and Ile Royale[edit source]
Main
article: Ile Saint-Jean Campaign
The
second wave of the Deportation began with the French defeat at the Siege of
Louisbourg (1758). Thousands of Acadians were deported from Ile Saint-Jean
(Prince Edward Island) and Ile Royale (Cape Breton). The Ile Saint-Jean Campaign
resulted in the largest percentage of deaths of the Acadians deported. The
highest single event total of fatalities during the Deportation occurred with
the sinking of the Violet, with about 280 persons aboard, and the Duke William,
with over 360 persons aboard.[36] By the time the second wave of the expulsion
had begun, the British had discarded their policy of relocating the Catholic,
French-speaking colonists to the Thirteen Colonies. They deported them directly
to France.[37] In 1758, hundreds of Ile Royale Acadians fled to one of
Boishebert's refugee camps south of Baie des Chaleurs.[38]
Petitcodiac
River Campaign[edit source]
Main
article: Petitcodiac River Campaign
This
was a series of British military operations from June to November 1758 to
deport the Acadians who either lived along the river or had taken refuge there
from earlier deportation operations, such as the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign.
Benoni Danks and Joseph Gorham's Rangers carried out the operation.[30]
Contrary
to Governor Lawrence's direction, New England Ranger Danks engaged in frontier
warfare against the Acadians. On July 1, 1758, Danks himself began to pursue
the Acadians on the Petiticodiac. They arrived at present day Moncton and
Danks’ Rangers ambushed about thirty Acadians, who were led by Joseph Broussard
(Beausoleil). Many were driven into the river, three of them were killed and
scalped, and others were captured. Broussard was seriously wounded.[39] Danks
reported that the scalps were Mi’kmaq and received payment for them.
Thereafter, he went down in local lore as “one of the most reckless and brutal”
of the Rangers.[40]
St.
John River Campaign[edit source]
Main
article: St. John River Campaign
Colonel
Robert Monckton led a force of 1150 British soldiers to destroy the Acadian
settlements along the banks of the Saint John River until they reached the
largest village of Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas (present day Fredericton, New
Brunswick) in February 1759.[41] Monckton was accompanied by New England
Rangers led by Joseph Goreham, Captain Benoni Danks, Moses Hazen and George
Scott.[42] The British started at the bottom of the river with raiding
Kennebecais and Managoueche (City of St. John), where the British built Fort
Frederick. Then they moved up the river and raided Grimross (Gagetown, New
Brunswick), Jemseg, and finally they reached Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas.[42]
Contrary
to Governor Lawrence's direction, New England Ranger Lieutenant Hazen engaged
in frontier warfare against the Acadians in what has become known as the
"Ste Anne's Massacre". On 18 February 1759, Lieutenant Hazen and
about fifteen men arrived at Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas. The Rangers pillaged and
burned the village of 147 buildings, two Mass-houses, besides all the barns and
stables. The Rangers burned a large store-house, and with a large quantity of
hay, wheat, peas, oats, etc., killing 212 horses, about 5 head of cattle, a
large number of hogs and so forth. They also burned the church (located just
west of Old Government House, Fredericton).[43]
As
well, the rangers tortured and scalped six Acadians and took six prisoners.[43]
There is a written record of one of the Acadian survivors Joseph
Godin-Bellefontaine. He reported that the Rangers restrained him and then
massacred his family in front of him. There are other primary sources that
support his assertions.[44]
Gulf
of St. Lawrence Campaign[edit source]
Main
article: Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758)
Raid
on Miramichi Bay - Burnt Church Village by Captain Hervey Smyth (1758)
In
the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (also known as the Gaspee Expedition),
British forces raided French villages along present-day New Brunswick and the
Gaspé Peninsula coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Sir Charles Hardy and
Brigadier-General James Wolfe commanded the naval and military forces,
respectively. After the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), Wolfe and Hardy led a force
of 1500 troops in nine vessels to the Gaspé Bay arriving there on September 5.
From there they dispatched troops to Miramichi Bay (Sept. 12), Grande-Rivière,
Quebec and Pabos (Sept. 13), and Mont-Louis, Quebec (Sept. 14). Over the
following weeks, Sir Charles Hardy took four sloops or schooners, destroyed
about 200 fishing vessels, and took about 200 prisoners.[45]
Restigouche[edit
source]
The
Acadians took refuge along the Baie des Chaleurs and the Restigouche River.[46]
Boishébert had a refugee camp at Petit-Rochelle (which was located perhaps near
present-day Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec).[47] The year after the Battle of
Restigouche, in late 1761, Captain Roderick Mackenzie and his force captured
over 330 Acadians at Boishebert's camp.[48]
Halifax[edit
source]
Monument to Imprisoned Acadians on Georges
Island (background), Bishops Landing, Halifax
After
the French conquered St. John's, Newfoundland in June 1762, the success
galvanized both the Acadians and Natives. They began gathering in large numbers
at various points throughout the province and behaving in a confident and,
according to the British,"insolent fashion". Officials were
especially alarmed when Natives concentrated close to the two principal towns
in the province, Halifax and Lunenburg, where there were also large groups of
Acadians. The government organized an expulsion of 1300 people, shipping them
to Boston. The government of Massachusetts refused the Acadians permission to
land and sent them back to Halifax.[49]
Before
the deportation, Acadian population was estimated at 14,000 Acadians. Most were
deported.[50] Some Acadians escaped to Quebec, or hid among the Mi'kmaq or in
the countryside, to avoid deportation until the situation settled down.[51]
The
war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region.
Acadian,
Maliseet and Mi’kmaq resistance[edit source]
During
the expulsion, French Officer Charles Deschamps de Boishébert led the Mi'kmaq
and the Acadians in a guerrilla war against the British.[52] According to
Louisbourg account books, by late 1756, the French had regularly dispensed
supplies to 700 Natives. From 1756 to the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the
French made regular payments to Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and other natives for
British scalps.[53]
Annapolis
(Fort Anne)[edit source]
Charles
Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot
The
Acadians and Mi’kmaq fought in the Annapolis region. They were victorious in
the Battle of Bloody Creek (1757).[54] Acadians being deported from Annapolis
Royal, Nova Scotia on the ship Pembroke rebelled against the British crew, took
over the ship and sailed to land.
In
December 1757, while cutting firewood near Fort Anne, John Weatherspoon was
captured by Indians (presumably Mi'kmaq) and carried away to the mouth of the
Miramichi River. From there he was eventually sold or traded to the French and
taken to Quebec, where he was held until late in 1759 and the Battle of the
Plains of Abraham, when General Wolfe's forces prevailed (See Journal of John
Witherspoon, Annapolis Royal) .[55]
About
50 or 60 Acadians who escaped the initial deportation are reported to have made
their way to the Cape Sable region (which included south western Nova Scotia).
From there, they participated in numerous raids on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.[56]
Piziquid
(Fort Edward)[edit source]
In
the April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near Fort
Edward, killing thirteen British soldiers. After loading with what provisions
they could carry, they set fire to the building.[57]
Chignecto
(Fort Cumberland)[edit source]
The
Acadians and Mi’kmaq also resisted in the Chignecto region. They were
victorious in the Battle of Petitcodiac (1755).[54] In the spring of 1756, a
wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former Fort Gaspareaux), was ambushed
and nine were scalped.[58] In the April 1757, after raiding Fort Edward, the
same band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided Fort Cumberland, killing and
scalping two men and taking two prisoners.[59] July 20, 1757 Mi'kmaq killed 23
and captured two of Gorham's rangers outside Fort Cumberland near present-day
Jolicure, New Brunswick.[60] In March 1758, forty Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacked
a schooner at Fort Cumberland and killed its master and two sailors.[61] In the
winter of 1759, the Mi'kmaq ambushed five British soldiers on patrol while they
were crossing a bridge near Fort Cumberland. They were ritually scalped and
their bodies mutilated as was common in frontier warfare.[62] During the night
of 4 April 1759, using canoes, a force of Acadians and French captured the
transport. At dawn they attacked the ship Moncton and chased it for five hours
down the Bay of Fundy. Although the Moncton escaped, it’s crew suffered one
killed and two wounded.[63]
Others
resisted during the St. John River Campaign and the Petitcodiac River
Campaign.[64]
Lawrencetown[edit
source]
By
June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of
Lawrencetown (established 1754) because the number of Indian raids eventually
prevented settlers from leaving their houses.[65]
In
nearby Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, in the spring of 1759, there was another Mi'kmaq
attack on Fort Clarence (located at the present day Dartmouth Refinery), in
which five soldiers were killed.[66]
Maine[edit
source]
In
present-day Maine, the Mi’kmaq and the Maliseet raided numerous New England
villages. At the end of April 1755, they raided Gorham, Maine, killing two men
and a family. Next they appeared in New-Boston (Gray) and through the
neighbouring towns destroying the plantations. On May 13, they raided Frankfort
(Dresden), where two men were killed and a house burned. The same day they
raided Sheepscot (Newcastle), and took five prisoners. Two were killed in North
Yarmouth on May 29 and one taken captive. They shot one person at Teconnet.
They took prisoners at Fort Halifax; two prisoners taken at Fort Shirley
(Dresden). They took two captive at New Gloucester as they worked on the local
fort.[67]
On
13 August 1758 Boishebert left Miramichi, New Brunswick with 400 soldiers,
including Acadians which he led from Port Toulouse. They marched to Fort St
George (Thomaston, Maine) and Munduncook (Friendship, Maine). While the former
siege was unsuccessful, in the latter raid on Munduncook, they wounded eight
British settlers and killed others. This was Boishébert’s last Acadian
expedition. From there, Boishebert and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought
in the Battle of Quebec (1759).[68]
Lunenburg[edit
source]
Raid
on Lunenburg (1756) by Donald A. Mackay
The
Acadians and Mi'kmaq raided the Lunenburg settlement nine times over a three
year period during the war. Boishebert ordered the first Raid on Lunenburg
(1756). Following the raid of 1756, in 1757, there was a raid on Lunenburg in
which six people from the Brissang family were killed.[69] The following year,
March 1758, there was a raid on the Lunenburg Peninsula at the Northwest Range
(present-day Blockhouse, Nova Scotia) when five people were killed from the
Ochs and Roder families.[70] By the end of May 1758, most of those on the
Lunenburg Peninsula abandoned their farms and retreated to the protection of
the fortifications around the town of Lunenburg, losing the season for sowing
their grain.[71] For those that did not leave their farms for the town, the
number of raids intensified.
During
the summer of 1758, there were four raids on the Lunenburg Peninsula. On 13
July 1758, one person on the LaHave River at Dayspring was killed and another
seriously wounded by a member of the Labrador family.[72] The next raid
happened at Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia on 24 August 1758, when eight Mi'kmaq
attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. While they killed three people in
the raid, the Mi'kmaq were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, which was the
common practice for payment from the French.[73] Two days, later, two soldiers
were killed in a raid on the blockhouse at LaHave, Nova Scotia.[74] Almost two
weeks later, on 11 September, a child was killed in a raid on the Northwest
Range.[75] Another raid happened on 27 March 1759, in which three members of
the Oxner family were killed.[69] The last raid happened on 20 April 1759. The
Mi’kmaq killed four settlers at Lunenburg who were members of the Trippeau and
Crighton families.[76]
Halifax[edit
source]
On
2 April 1756, Mi'kmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for 12
British scalps taken at Halifax.[77] Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of
Joseph-Nicolas Gautier, led Mi’kmaq warriors from Louisbourg on three raids
against Halifax in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or
both. The last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Mi’kmaq
and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. (Pierre
went on to participate in the Battle of Restigouche.) [78]
In
July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians kill five British in Dartmouth, opposite
McNabb's Island.[79]
Bury
the Hatchet Ceremony[edit source]
After
agreeing to several peace treaties, the seventy-five year period of war ended
with the Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony between the British and the Mi'kmaq
(1761). (In commemoration of these treaties, Nova Scotians annually celebrate
Treaty Day on October 1.)
Headquarters
of the North American Station[edit source]
Main
article: Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax
Halifax: Royal Navy's North American Station
headquarters (1797)
Halifax
was the headquarters for the Royal Navy's North American Station for sixty
years (1758-1818). Halifax Harbour had served as a Royal Navy seasonal base
from the founding of the city in 1749, using temporary facilities and a
careening beach on Georges Island. Land and buildings for a permanent Naval
Yard were purchased in 1758 and the Yard was officially commissioned in 1759.
Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased by the Royal Naval
Dockyard, Halifax in 1758 and the Yard was officially commissioned in 1759. The
Yard served as the main base for the British Royal Navy in North American
during the Seven Years' War, the American Revolution, the French Revolutionary
Wars and the War of 1812. In 1818 Halifax became the summer base for the
squadron which shifted to the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda for the remainder
of the year. One of the most famous commanders of the station was Robert Digby
(1781–1783) . After the surrender of New York city in 1783, Digby helped to
organise the evacuation of some 1,500 United Empire Loyalists to the small port
of Conway in Nova Scotia.[80] The settlement he led transformed the tiny
village into a town, which in 1787 was renamed Digby, Nova Scotia.
American
Revolution[edit source]
Naval
battle off Cape Breton (1781)
Until
the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, Nova Scotia's New England-born
merchants often sympathize with the rebels in the 13 colonies. But the Nova
Scotia government was controlled by an Anglo-European mercantile elite for whom
loyalty was more profitable than rebellion. The Yankees remained neutral during
the war but experienced a religious revival that expressed some of their
anxieties.[81]
Throughout
the war, American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of
the coastal communities. There were constant attacks by American
privateers,[82] such as the Raid on Lunenburg (1782), numerous raids on
Liverpool, Nova Scotia (October 1776, March 1777, September 1777, May 1778,
September 1780) and a raid on Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia (1781).[83]
American
Privateers also raided Canso, Nova Scotia (1775). In 1779, American privateers
returned to Canso and destroyed the fisheries, which were worth £50,000 a year
to Britain.[84]
To
guard against such attacks, the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland
Emigrants) was garrisoned at forts around the Atlantic Canada. Fort Edward
(Nova Scotia) in Windsor, Nova Scotia was the Regiment's headquarters to prevent
a possible American land assault on Halifax from the Bay of Fundy. There was an
American attack on Nova Scotia by land, the Battle of Fort Cumberland followed
by the Siege of Saint John (1777). There was also rebellion from those within
Nova Scotia: the Maugerville Rebellion (1776) and the Battle at Miramichi
(1779).
Naval
battle off Halifax (1782)
During
the war, American Privateers captured 225 vessels either leaving or arriving at
Nova Scotia ports.[85] In 1781, for example, as a result of the Franco-American
alliance against Great Britain, there was also a naval engagement with a French
fleet at Sydney, Nova Scotia, near Spanish River, Cape Breton.[86] The British
also captured numerous American Privateers such as in the naval battle off Halifax.
The Royal Navy also used Halifax as a base from which to launch attacks on New
England, such as attacks on Maine in the Battle of Machias (1777), later
conquering Maine and renaming it New Ireland. Notably, Sir John Moore served at
Halifax (1779-1781) and protected New Ireland from American patriot attacks.)
At the same time, the towns people and especially seafarers were constantly
on-guard of the press gangs of the Royal Navy.
Raid
on Lunenburg (1782)
In
1784 the western, mainland portion of the colony was separated and became the
province of New Brunswick, and the territory in Maine entered the control of
the newly independent American state of Massachusetts. Cape Breton Island
became a separate colony in 1784 only to be returned to Nova Scotia in 1820.
As
the New England Planters and United Empire Loyalists began to arrive in
Mi'kmaki (the Maritimes) in greater numbers, economic, environmental and
cultural pressures were put on the Mi'kmaq with the erosion of the intent of
the treaties. The Mi'kmaq tried to enforce the treaties through threat of
force. At the beginning of the American Revolution, many Mi’kmaq and Maliseet
tribes were supportive of the Americans against the British. They participated in
the Maugerville Rebellion and the Battle of Fort Cumberland in 1776. (Mí'kmaq
delegates concluded the first international treaty, the Treaty of Watertown,
with the United States soon after it declared its independence in July 1776.
These delegates did not officially represent the Mi'kmaq government, although
many individual Mi'kmaq did privately join the Continental army as a result.)
During the St. John River expedition, Col. Allan's untiring effort to gain the
friendship and support of the Maliseet and Mi'kmaq for the Revolution was
somewhat successful. There was a significant exodus of Maliseet from the St
John River to join the American forces at Machias, Maine.[87] On Sunday, July
13, 1777, a party of between 400 and 500 men, women, and children, embarked in
128 canoes from the Old Fort Meduetic (8 miles below Woodstock) for Machias.
The party arrived at a very opportune moment for the Americans, and afforded
material assistance in the defence of that post during the attack made by Sir
George Collier on the 13th to 15 August. The British did only minimal damage to
the place, and the services of the Indians on the occasion earned for them the
thanks of the council of Massachusetts.[88] In June 1779, Mi’kmaq in the
Miramichi attacked and plundered some of the British in the area. The following
month, British Captain Augustus Harvey, in command of the HMS Viper, arrived in
the area and battled with the Mi’kmaq. One Mi’kmaq was killed and 16 were taken
prisoner to Quebec. The prisoners were eventually brought to Halifax, where
they were later released upon signing the Oath of Allegiance to the British
Crown on 28 July 1779.[89][90]
Nineteenth
century[edit source]
Prince
of Wales Tower - oldest Martello Tower in North America (1796), Point Pleasant
Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Napoleonic
Wars[edit source]
Halifax
was now the bastion of British strength on the East Coast of North America.
Local merchants also took advantage of the exclusion of American trade to the
British colonies in the Caribbean, beginning a long trade relationship with the
West Indies. However, the most significant growth began with the beginning of
what would become known as the Napoleonic Wars. Military spending and the
opportunities of wartime shipping and trading stimulated growth led by local
merchants such as Charles Ramage Prescott and Enos Collins. By 1796, Prince
Edward, Duke of Kent, was sent to take command of Nova Scotia. Many of the
city's forts were designed by him, and he left an indelible mark on the city in
the form of many public buildings of Georgian architecture, and a dignified
British feel to the city itself. It was during this time that Halifax truly
became a city. Many landmarks and institutions were built during his tenure,
from the Town Clock on Citadel Hill to St. George's Round Church,
fortifications in the Halifax Defence Complex were built up, businesses
established, and the population boomed. At the same time, the towns people and
especially seafarers were constantly on-guard of the press gangs of the Royal
Navy.
Press Gang from the HMS Cleopatra started
Halifax Riot (1805). Image by Nicholas Pocock
Halifax
Impressment Riot[edit source]
Main
article: Impressment (Nova Scotia)
Vice
Admiral Andrew Mitchell who orderd the HMS Cleopatra press gang ashore to
Halifax
The
Navy’s manning problems in Nova Scotia peaked in 1805. Warships were
short-handed from high desertion rates, and naval captains were handicapped in
filling those vacancies by ;provincial impressment regulations. Desperate for
sailors, the Navy pressed them all over the North Atlantic region in 1805, from
Halifax and Charlottetown to Saint John and Quebec City. In early May, Vice
Admiral Andrew Mitchell sent press gangs from several warships into downtown
Halifax. They conscripted men first and asked questions later, rounding up
dozens of potential recruits.[91]
The
breaking point came in October 1805, when Vice-Admiral Mitchell allowed press
gangs from the HMS Cleopatra to storm the streets of Halifax armed with
bayonetts, sparking a major riot in which one man was killed and several others
were injured. Wentworth lashed out at the admiral for sparking urban unrest and
breaking provincial impressment laws, and his government exploited this violent
episode to put even tighter restrictions of recruiting in Nova Scotia.[92][93]
The captured Furieuse is taken in tow to
Halifax, Nova Scotia by HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1809), a print by Thomas Whitcombe
Stemming
from impressment disturbances, civil-naval relations deteriorated in Nova
Scotia from 1805 to the War of 1812. The HMS Whiting was in Liverpool for only
about a week, but it terrified the small town the entire time and naval
impressment remained a serious threat to sailors along the South Shore. After
leaving Liverpool, the Whiting terrorized Shelburne by pressing inhabitants,
breaking into homes, and forcing more than a dozen families to live in the
forest to avoid further harassment.[94]
War
of 1812[edit source]
War of 1812, Halifax, NS: HMS Shannon leading
the captured American Frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour (1813)
During
the War of 1812, Nova Scotia’s contribution to the war effort was communities
either purchasing or building various privateer ships to seize American
vessels.[95] Three members of the community of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia purchased
a privateer schooner and named it Lunenburg on August 8, 1814.[96] The Nova
Scotian privateer vessel captured seven American vessels. The Liverpool Packet
from Liverpool, Nova Scotia was another Nova Scotia privateer vessel that
caught over fifty ships in the war - the most of any privateer in Canada.[97]
The Sir John Sherbrooke (Halifax) was also very successful during the war,
being the largest privateer on the Atlantic coast. (See Historic Properties
(Halifax))
Sir John Coape Sherbrooke - Lt Gov. of Nova
Scotia departed Halifax and conquered Maine, renaming the colony New Ireland
Perhaps
the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia was the HMS Shannon's led
the captured American Frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour (1813). The
Captain of the Shannon was injured and Nova Scotian Provo Wallis took command
of the ship to escort the Chesapeake to Halifax. Many of the prisoners were
kept at Deadman's Island, Halifax.[97] At the same time, there was the HMS
Hogue's traumatic capture of the American Privateer Young Teazer off Chester,
Nova Scotia.
Gravestones for the casualties of the famous
HMS Shannon Capture of USS Chesapeake. The USS Chesapeake (left) and HMS
Shannon (right), Stadcona, Halifax, Nova Scotia
On
September 3, 1814 a British fleet from Halifax, Nova Scotia, began to lay siege
to Maine to re-establish British title to Maine east of the Penobscot River, an
area the British had renamed "New Ireland". Carving off "New
Ireland" from New England had been a goal of the British government and
settlers of Nova Scotia ("New Scotland") since the American
Revolution.[98] The British expedition involved 8 war-ships and 10 transports
(carrying 3,500 British regulars) that were under the overall command of Sir
John Coape Sherbrooke, then Lt. Gov. of Nova Scotia.[99] On July 3, 1814, the
expedition captured the coastal town of Castine, Maine and then went on to raid
Belfast, Machias, Eastport, Hampden and Bangor(See Battle of Hampden). After
the war, Maine was returned to America through the Treaty of Ghent. The brief
life of the colony yielded customs revenues, called the "Castine
Fund", which were subsequently used to finance a military library in
Halifax and found Dalhousie College.[100] Dalhousie University has a street
named "Castine Way".[101]
The
most famous soldier that was buried in Nova Scotia during the war was Robert
Ross (British Army officer). Ross was responsible for the Burning of
Washington, including the White House. (Other famous Nova Scotians who served
in the war are:George Edward Watts, Sir George Augustus Westphal, Sir Edward
Belcher, and Philip Westphal - all of whom are commeorated by the Historic
Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaques at Stadacona, CFB Halifax.)
Crimean
War[edit source]
Welsford-Parker
Monument, Halifax, Nova Scotia - Only Crimean War Monument in North America
Nova
Scotians fought in the Crimean War. The Welsford-Parker Monument in Halifax is
the second oldest war monument in Canada and the only Crimean War monument in
North America. Another Nova Scotian soldier who fought with distinction during
the Crimean war was Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars.
Indian
Mutiny[edit source]
Nova
Scotians also participated in the Indian Mutiny. Two of the most famous were
William Hall (VC) and Sir John Eardley Inglis (namesake of Inglis Street,
Halifax), both of whom participated in the Siege of Lucknow. The 78th
(Highlanders) Regiment of Foot were famous for their involvement with the siege
and were later posted to Citadel Hill (Fort George).
American
Civil War[edit source]
Over
200 Nova Scotians have been identified as fighting in the American Civil War
(1861–1865). Most joined Maine or Massachusetts infantry regiments, but one in
ten served the Confederacy (South). The total probably reached into two
thousand as many young men had migrated to the U.S. before 1860. Pacifism,
neutrality, anti-Americanism, and anti-Yankee sentiments all operated to keep
the numbers down, but on the other hand there were strong cash incentives to
join the well-paid Northern army and the long tradition of emigrating out of
Nova Scotia, combined with a zest for adventure, attracted many young men.[102]
Perhaps the two most famous Nova Scotians to fight in the war effort were
Benjamin Jackson and John Taylor Wood, the latter becoming a naturalized
citizen after the war.
Halifax
Provisional Battalion Plaque, Main Gate, Halifax Public Gardens, Halifax, Nova
Scotia
The
British Empire (including Nova Scotia) declared neutrality, and Nova Scotia
prospered greatly from trade with the North. There were no attempts to trade
with the South. Nova Scotia was the site of two minor international incidents
during the war: the Chesapeake Affair and the escape from Halifax Harbour of
the CSS Tallahassee, aided by Confederate sympathizers.[103]
The
war left many fearful that the North might attempt to annex British North
America, particularly after the Fenian raids began. In response, volunteer
regiments were raised across Nova Scotia. British commander and Lt Governor of
Nova Scotia Charles Hastings Doyle led 700 troops out of Halifax to crush a
Fenian attack on the New Brunswick border with Maine. One of the main reasons
why Britain sanctioned the creation of Canada (1867) was to avoid another
possible conflict with America and to leave the defence of Nova Scotia to a
Canadian Government.[104]
North
West Rebellion[edit source]
The
Halifax Provisional Battalion was a military unit from Nova Scotia, which was
sent to fight in the North-West Rebellion in 1885. The battalion was under
command of Lieut.-Colonel James J. Bremner and consisted of 168
non-commissioned officers and men of The Princess Louise Fusiliers, 100 of the
63rd Battalion Rifles, and 84 of the Halifax Garrison Artillery, with 32
officers. The battalion left Halifax under orders for the North-West on
Saturday, April 11, 1885, and they stayed for almost three months.[105]
Prior
to Nova Scotia's involvement, the province remained hostile to Canada in the
aftermath of the how the colony was forced into Canada. The celebration that
followed the Halifax Provisional Battalion's return by train across the county
ignited a national patriotism in Nova Scotia. Prime Minister Robert Borden,
stated that "up to this time Nova Scotia hardly regarded itself as
included in the Canadian Confederation.... The rebellion evoked a new sprit....
The Riel Rebellion did more to unite Nova Scotia with the rest of Canada than
any event that had occurred since Confderation." Similarly, in 1907
Governor General Earl Grey declared, "This Battalion... went out Nova
Scotians, they returned Canadians." The wrought iron gates at the Halifax
Public Gardens were made in the Battalion's honour.[106]
Twentieth
century[edit source]
Second
Boer War[edit source]
South
African War Memorial (Halifax) by Hamilton MacCarthy, Province House, Nova
Scotia
During
the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the First Contingent was composed of seven
Companies from across Canada. The Nova Scotia Company (H) consisted of 125 men.
(The total First Contingent was a total force of 1,019. Eventually over 8600
Canadians served.) The mobilization of the Contingent took place at Quebec. On
October 30, 1899, the ship Sardinian sailed the troops for four weeks to Cape
Town. The Boer War marked the first occasion in which large contingents of Nova
Scotian troops served abroad (individual Nova Scotians had served in the
Crimean War). The Battle of Paardeberg in February 1900 represented the second
time Canadian soldiers saw battle abroad (the first being the Canadian
involvement in the Nile Expedition).[107] Canadians also saw action at the Battle
of Faber's Put on May 30, 1900.[108] On November 7, 1900, the Royal Canadian
Dragoons engaged the Boers in the Battle of Leliefontein, where they saved
British guns from capture during a retreat from the banks of the Komati
River.[109] Approximately 267 Canadians died in the War. 89 men were killed in
action, 135 died of disease, and the remainder died of accident or injury. 252
were wounded.
Boer War Victory Parade, Barrington Street,
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Of
all the Canadians who died during the war, the most famous was the young Lt.
Harold Lothrop Borden of Canning, Nova Scotia. Harold Borden's father was Sir
Frederick W. Borden, Canada's Minister of Militia who was a strong proponent of
Canadian participation in the war.[110] Another famous Nova Scotian casualty of
the war was Charles Carroll Wood, son of the renoun Confederate naval captain
John Taylor Wood and the first Canadian to die in the war.[111]
First
World War[edit source]
Sinking of the HMHS Llandovery Castle
The
prime minister of Canada during the war was Nova Scotian Robert Borden.
During
World War I, Halifax became a major international port and naval facility. The
harbour became a major shipment point for war supplies, troop ships to Europe
from Canada and the United States and hospital ships returning the wounded.
These factors drove a major military, industrial and residential expansion of
the city.[112] On 27 June 1917, a German U-boat torpedoed a hospital ship from
the port of Halifax named the HMHS Llandovery Castle. Escaping lifeboats were
pursued and sunk by the German U-boat and the survivors machine-gunned. Of the
crew totalling 258, only twenty-four survived.[113] The nursing Matron on board
was a Nova Scotian, Margaret Marjory Fraser (daughter of Lt. Governor of Nova
Scotia Duncan Cameron Fraser). She died along with the 13 nurses under her
command.
On
Thursday, December 6, 1917, when the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was
devastated by the huge detonation of a French cargo ship, fully loaded with
wartime explosives, that had accidentally collided with a Norwegian ship in
"The Narrows" section of the Halifax Harbour. Approximately 2,000
people (mostly Canadians) were killed by debris, fires, or collapsed buildings,
and it is estimated that over 9,000 people were injured.[114] This is still the
world's largest man-made accidental explosion.[115]
During
World War I the British Army used Fort Edward in Windsor to establish a
training depot for Jewish men training to fight against the Ottoman Turks in
Palestine. Known as The Jewish Legion, this unit, was "stood up" for
service in 1917 manned by Jews from around the world who came to Windsor for
training on the slopes of the fort under Major W.F.D Bremner. Bremner lived in
Castle Fredericks and is an ancestor of Falmouth’s James Bremner (See Halifax
Provisional Battalion). Pictures and first-hand accounts of the time indicate
that the men lived in tents on the hillside below the blockhouse.[116]
Jewish
Legion, Fort Edward (Nova Scotia), (Yom Kippur, 1918)
Many
of these recruits came with Zionist ideals and dreams of a restored Palestinian
homeland for the Jews. 1,100 Non-commissioned officers were trained in Windsor,
Nova Scotia. Founders of the League included David Ben-Gurion, who became the
first prime minister of Israel, and Ze'ev Jabotinsky, both men were trained at
Fort Edward. At age 70, David Ben-Gurion reported on his time at Fort Edward:
"I will never forget Windsor where I received my first training as a
soldier and where I became a corporal."[116]
The
Amherst Internment Camp was one of three internment camps in the province. It
existed from 1914 to 1919 in Amherst, Nova Scotia. It was the largest POW camp
in Canada during World War I; a maximum of 853 prisoners were housed at one
time at the old Malleable Iron foundry on the corner of Hickman and Park
Streets.[117] The most famous prisoner of war at the camp was Leon Trotsky.
Three
Nova Scotian battalions saw combat in Europe as distinct fighting units - The
Royal Canadian Regiment, 85th Battalion and 25th Battalion. The Royal Canadian
Regiment, based in Halifax, was the only unit in existence at the time of the
war's outbreak.
The
No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), was the only
predominantly black battalion in Canadian military history and also the only
Canadian Battalion composed of black soldiers to serve in World War I. The
battalion was raised in Nova Scotia. 56% of the battalion was from Nova Scotia
(500 soldiers).
Second
World War[edit source]
Winston
Churchill by Oscar Nemon, Halifax, Nova Scotia
During
World War II, thousands of Nova Scotians went overseas. One Nova Scotian, Mona
Louise Parsons, joined the Dutch resistance and was eventually captured and
imprisoned by the Nazis for almost four years.
From
the start of the war in 1939 until VE Day, several of Canada's Atlantic coast
ports became important to the resupply effort for the United Kingdom and later
for the Allied land offensive on the Western Front. Halifax and Sydney, Nova
Scotia became the primary convoy assembly ports, with Halifax being assigned
the fast or priority convoys (largely troops and essential material) with the
more modern merchant ships, while Sydney was given slow convoys which conveyed
bulkier material on older and more vulnerable merchant ships. Both ports were
heavily fortified with shore radar emplacements, search light batteries, and
extensive coastal artillery stations all manned by RCN and Canadian Army regular
and reserve personnel. Military intelligence agents enforced strict blackouts
throughout the areas and anti-torpedo nets were in place at the harbor
entrances. Despite the fact that no landings of German personnel took place
near these ports, there were frequent attacks by U-boats on convoys departing
for Europe. Less extensively used, but no less important, was the port of Saint
John which also saw matériel funneled through the port, largely after the
United States entered the war in December 1941. The Canadian Pacific Railway
mainline from central Canada (which crossed the state of Maine) could be used
to transport in aid of the war effort.
SS
Point Pleasant Park Monument, Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Although
not crippling to the Canadian war effort, given the country's rail network to
the east coast ports, but possibly more destructive to the morale of the
Canadian public, was the Battle of the St. Lawrence, when U-boats began to
attack domestic coastal shipping along Canada's east coast in the St. Lawrence
River and Gulf of St. Lawrence from early 1942 through to the end of the
shipping season in late 1944.
SS
Caribou was a Newfoundland Railway passenger ferry that ran between Port aux
Basques, in the Dominion of Newfoundland, and North Sydney, Nova Scotia between
1928—1942. It became infamous when it was attacked and sunk by Nazi German
submarine U-69 in October 1942, while traversing the Cabot Strait as part of
its three weekly SPAB convoys. As a civilian vessel, it had women and children
on board, and many of them were among the 137 who died. Its sinking, and large
death toll, made it clear that the war had really arrived on Canada's and
Newfoundland's home front, and is cited by many historians as the most
significant sinking in Canadian-controlled waters during the Second World
War.[118]
Several
RN escorts were attached to the RCN for some months during 1942, with convoys
in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence being formed between RCN facilities
at HMCS Chaleur II in Quebec City, HMCS Fort Ramsay in Gaspé, and HMCS
Protector in Sydney. Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) aircraft carried out
operational patrols from RCAF stations such as Charlottetown, Summerside,
Debert, Stanley and Sydney as well as various civilian fields, particularly in
the Magdalen Islands.
Leonard
W. Murray Plaque Halifax Nova Scotia - on the corner of South St. and
Barrington St
Leonard
W. Murray was born at Granton, Nova Scotia on 22 June 1896. Rear Admiral Leonard
Warren Murray, CB, CBE was an officer of the Royal Canadian Navy who played a
significant role in the Battle of the Atlantic. He commanded the Newfoundland
Escort Force from 1941–1943, and from 1943 to the end of the war was
Commander-in-Chief, Canadian Northwest Atlantic. He was the only Canadian to
command an Allied theatre of operations during World War I or World War II. He
resigned his command early as a result of the Halifax VE-Day Riot.
Korean
War[edit source]
During
the Korean War there were 48 Nova Scotians who died in the war and more than
100 were wounded.[119] (See Atlantic Canada Korean War Monument and Cape Breton
Korean War Monument). The only Nova Scotian who was a member of the Royal
Canadian Navy to die was Robert John Moore. He was killed while in an air
crash. He was awarded the United Nations Service Medal (Korea) and is
commemorated on the Korean War Memorial at the Naval Museum of Alberta at HMCS
Tecumseh, Calgary, Alberta.[120]
Notable
Nova Scotian military figures[edit source]
The
following list includes those who were born in Nova Scotia, Acadia and
Mi'kma'ki or those who became naturalized citizens. Those who came for brief
periods from other countries are not included (e.g. John Gorham, Edward
Cornwallis, James Wolfe, Boishébert, Thomas Pichon, etc.)
17th-18th
centuries[edit source]
Charles
de Menou d'Aulnay - Acadian Civil War
Françoise-Marie
Jacquelin - Civil War in Acadia
Baron
de St. Castin - Castin's War
Jean-Baptiste
Hertel de Rouville - Queen Anne's War
Father
Sébastien Rale - Father Rale's War
Captain
Charles Morris - King Georges War
Chief
Jean-Baptiste Cope - Father Le Loutre's War
Father
Jean-Louis Le Loutre- Father Le Loutre's War
Father
Pierre Maillard - Father Le Loutre's War
Joseph
Broussard (Beausoleil) - Father Le Loutre's War
Charles
Lawrence - Father Le Loutre's War
Thomas
Pichon
Silvanus
Cobb
Jonathan
Eddy - American Revolution
Major
General John Small, Commander, 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)
- American Revolution
See
also[edit source]
Charles
de Saint-Étienne de la Tour - Acadian Civil War
Chief
Madockawando - King William's War
John
Gyles - King William's War
Father
Louis-Pierre Thury– King William's War
Pierre
Maisonnat dit Baptiste - Queen Anne's War
Charles
Morris (jurist) - King George's War
Joseph-Nicolas
Gautier - Father Le Loutre's War
Pierre
II Surette - French and Indian War
John
Allan (colonel) - American Revolution
19th
century[edit source]
Commander
John Houlton Marshall --Battle of Trafalgar, Province House (Nova Scotia)
George
Augustus Westphal - Battle of Trafalgar, Admiralty Garden, Stadacona, CFB
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Sir
John Coape Sherbrooke - Lt Gov. of Nova Scotia -War of 1812
Provo
Wallis - War of 1812
John
Charles Beckwith (army officer) - Battle of Waterloo
Edward
Belcher by Stephen Pearce - Franklin's lost expedition
Sir
William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars by William Gush - Crimean War
Major
Augustus F. Welsford - Crimean War
Captain
William B.C.A. Parker - Crimean War
John
Wimburn Laurie - Crimean War
Nova
Scotian Sir John Eardley Inglis by William Gush - Indian Mutiny
William
Hall (VC) - Indian Mutiny
John
Taylor Wood - American Civil War
Lt
Gov of Nova Scotia Charles Hastings Doyle - Fenian Raids
Lieutenant-Colonel
James J. Bremner - Northwest Rebellion
Clonard
Keating - Nigeria, Plaque, Halifax Public Gardens, Nova Scotia
William
Grant Stairs - Africa
Also
see Benjamin Jackson (soldier) - American Civil War 20th century[edit source]
Harold
Lothrop Borden- Second Boer War, Borden Monument, Canning, Nova Scotia
Francis
Joseph Fitzgerald - Second Boer War, Fitzgerald Bridge in Halifax Public
Gardens
Margaret
Marjory Fraser -World War I
Walter
Harris Callow -World War I, disabled veterans advocate
Philip
Bent, VC - World War I
John
Bernard Croak, VC - World War I
John
Chipman Kerr, VC - World War I
James
Peter Robertson, VC - World War I
Mona
Louise Parsons - World War II
Leonard
W. Murray - World War II
Nova
Scotian Victoria Cross Recipients[edit source]
This along with the *, indicates that the
Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously
Name
Date of action Conflict Unit Place of
action Province of origin Notes
Philip
Bent 1917* First World War The Leicestershire Regiment Polygon Wood, Belgium
Nova Scotia[121]
John
Croak 1918* First World War 13th Battalion, CEF Amiens, France Nova
Scotia[122]
William
Hall 1857 Indian Mutiny HMS Shannon Lucknow, India Nova Scotia[123]
John
Kerr 1916 First World War 49th Battalion, CEF Courcelette, France Nova
Scotia[124]
James
Robertson 1917* First World War 27th Battalion, CEF Passchendaele, Belgium Nova
Scotia[125]
See
also[edit source]
The
Nova Scotia Highlanders
Maritime
Command Museum
Treaty
Day (Nova Scotia)
Halifax
Armoury
CFB
Halifax
History
of the Halifax Regional Municipality
Portal
icon Nova Scotia portal
References[edit
source]
1.^
The colonial history of Nova Scotia includes the present-day Canadian Maritime
provinces and the northern part of Maine (Sunbury County, Nova Scotia), all of
which were at one time part of Nova Scotia. In 1763 Cape Breton Island and St.
John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769,
St. John's Island became a separate colony. Nova Scotia included present-day
New Brunswick until that province was established in 1784. (In 1765, the county
of Sunbury was created, and included the territory of present-day New Brunswick
and eastern Maine as far as the Penobscot River.)
2.^
a b William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 27
3.^
Also, that same year, French fishermen established a settlement at Canso.
4.^
Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus
Publishing, 2004
5.^
Nicholls, Andrew. A Fleeting Empire: Early Stuart Britain and the Merchant
Adventures to Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2010.
6.^
M. A. MacDonald, Fortune & La Tour: The civil war in Acadia, Toronto:
Methuen. 1983
7.^
Brenda Dunn, p. 19
8.^
Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus
Publishing, 2004. p. 20
10.^
John Reid. "Imperial Intrusions". In Buckner and Reid (eds). The
Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. University of Toronto Press.
1994.p. 84
11.^
Harry Piers, "Regiments Raised in Nova Scotia," Nova Scotia
Historical Society (1927)
12.^
Grenier, p. 56
13.^
Beamish Murdoch. History of Nova Scotia or Acadia, p. 399
14.^
A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie, Volume 1, by Beamish Murdoch, p. 398
15.^
The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Mi'kmaq-Maliseet
War" by John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia
1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008.
16.^
Beamish Murdoch. A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie, Volume 1, p. 399;
Geoffery Plank, An Unsettled Conquest, p. 78
17.^
Benjamin Church, p. 289; John Grenier, p. 62
18.^
Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme New York; W. W. Norton &
Company, 2005. pp. 164-165.; Beamish Murdoch. A History of Nova Scotia or
Acadie. Vol. 1. pp. 408-409
19.^
Brenda Dunn, p. 123
20.^
Brenda Dunn, pp. 124-125
21.^
Haynes, Mark. The Forgotten Battle: A History of the Acadians of Canso/
Chedabuctou. British Columbia: Trafford. 2004, p. 159
22.^
William Wicken. Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial. 2002. pp. 72-72.
23.^
The framework Father Le Loutre's War is developed by John Grenier in his books
The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. (University of
Oklahoma Press, 2008) and The first way of war: American war making on the
frontier, 1607-1814 (Cambridge University Press, 2005). He outlines his
rational for naming these conflicts as Father Le Loutre's War; Thomas Beamish
Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
24.^
Wicken, p. 181; Griffith, p. 390; Also see http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html
25.^
a b John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.
Oklahoma University Press.
26.^
John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. Oklahoma
Press. 2008
27.^
Stephen E. Patterson. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A
Study in Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D.
(eds). The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998.
pp.105-106.; Also see Stephen Patterson, Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples,
p. 144.
28.^
Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc (2005). Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: Nouvelles
Perspectives Historiques, Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages ISBN
1-897214-02-2 (book in French and English). The Acadians were scattered across
the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain and France.
(See Jean-François Mouhot (2009) Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758-1785):
L'Impossible Réintégration?, Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. ISBN 2-89448-513-1;
Ernest Martin (1936) Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans
le Poitou, Paris, Hachette, 1936). Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia.
See Faragher (2005)
29.^
Faragher 2005, p. 338
30.^
a b John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.
Oklahoma University Press. 2008
31.^
John Grenier, p. 184
32.^
Winthrop Bell. Foreign Protestants, University of Toronto, 1961, p. 504; Peter
Landry. The Lion and the Lily, Trafford Press. 2007.p. 555
33.^
John Grenier, The Far Reaches of Empire, Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 198
34.^
Marshall, p. 98; see also Bell. Foreign Protestants. p. 512
35.^
Marshall, p. 98; Peter Landry. The Lion and the Lily, Trafford Press. 2007. p.
555
36.^
Earle Lockerby, The Expulsion of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island. Nimbus
Publications. 2009
37.^
Plank, p. 160
38.^
John Grenier, p. 197
39.^
Grenier, p. 198; Faragher, p. 402.
40.^
Grenier, p. 198
41.^
John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760,
Oklahoma University Press.pp. 199-200. Note that Faragher (2005), p 405
indicates that Monckton had a force of 2000 men for this campaign.
42.^
a b John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760,
Oklahoma University Press. 2008, pp. 199-200
43.^
a b John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.
Oklahoma University Press, p. 202; Also see Plank, p. 61
44.^
A letter from Fort Frederick which was printed in Parker’s New York Gazette or
Weekly Post-Boy on 2 April 1759 provides some additional details of the
behavior of the Rangers. Also see William O. Raymond. The River St. John: Its
Physical Features, Legends and History from 1604 to 1784. St. John, New
Brunswick. 1910. pp. 96-107
45.^
J.S. McLennan, Louisbourg: From its Founding to its Fall, Macmillan and Co. Ltd
London, UK 1918, pp. 417-423, Appendix 11 (see http://www.archive.org/stream/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft_djvu.txt)
46.^
Lockerby, 2008, p.17, p.24, p.26, p.56
47.^
Faragher 2005, p. 414; also see History: Commodore Byron's Conquest. The
Canadian Press. July 19, 2008 http://www.acadian.org/La%20Petite-Rochelle.html
48.^
John Grenier, p. 211; Faragher 2005, p. 41; see the account of Captain
Mackenzie's raid at MacKenzie's Raid
49.^
Patterson, 1994, p. 153; Brenda Dunn, p. 207
50.^
Griffith, 2005, p. 438
51.^
Faragher, p. 423–424
52.^
John Gorham. The Far Reaches of Empire: War In Nova Scotia (1710-1760).
University of Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 177-206
53.^
Patterson, Stephen E. 1744-1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples. In
Phillip Buckner and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Conderation: A
History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1994. p. 148
54.^
a b Faragher 2005, pp. 110
55.^
The journal of John Weatherspoon was published in Collections of the Nova
Scotia Historical Society for the Years 1879-1880 (Halifax 1881) that has since
been reprinted (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville, Ontario, 1976).
56.^
Winthrop Bell, Foreign Protestants, University of Toronto. 1961. p.503
57.^
Faragher 2005, p. 398.
58.^
Webster as cited by bluepete, p. 371
59.^
John Faragher.Great and Noble Scheme. Norton. 2005. p. 398.
60.^
John Grenier, p. 190; New Brunswick Military Project
61.^
John Grenier, p. 195
62.^
Faragher 2005, p. 410
63.^
New Brunswick Military Project
64.^
John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760,
Oklahoma University Press.pp. 199–200
65.^
Bell Foreign Protestants. p. 508
66.^
Harry Chapman, p. 32; Faragher 2005, p. 410
67.^
William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p.
311-112; During this time period, the Maliseet and Mi'kmaq were the only tribes
of the Wabanaki Confederacy who were able to right.
68.^
Phyllis E. Leblanc, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online; Cyrus Eaton's
history, p. 77; William Durkee Williamson, The history of the state of Maine:
from its first discovery, A. D ..., Volume 2, p. 333 (Williamson's Book)
69.^
a b Archibald McMechan, Red Snow of Grand Pre. 1931. p. 192
70.^
Bell, p. 509
71.^
Bell. Foreign Protestants. p. 510, p. 513
72.^
Bell, p. 510
73.^
Bell, Foreign Protestants, p. 511
74.^
Bell, p. 511
75.^
Bell, p. 512
76.^
Bell, p. 513
77.^
J.S. McLennan. Louisbourg: From its foundation to its fall (1713-1758). 1918,
p. 190
78.^
Earle Lockerby. Pre-Deportation Letters from Ile Saint Jean. Les Cahiers. La
Societe hitorique acadienne. Vol. 42, No2. June 2011. pp. 99-100
79.^
Beamish Murdoch. History of Nova Scotia. Vol.2. p. 366
80.^
Cite error: The named reference bio was invoked but never defined (see the help
page).
81.^
Barry Cahill, "The Treason of the Merchants: Dissent and Repression in
Halifax in the Era of the American Revolution," Acadiensis 1996 26(1):
52-70; G. Stewart, and G. Rawlyk, A People Highly Favoured of God: The Nova
Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution (1972); Maurice Armstrong,
"Neutrality and Religion in Revolutionary Nova Scotia," The New
England Quarterly v19, no. 1 (1946): 50-62 in JSTOR
82.^
Benjamin Franklin also engaged France in the war, which meant that many of the
privateers were also from France.
83.^
Roger Marsters (2004). Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's
Atlantic Coast" , p. 87-89.
84.^
Lieutenant Governor Sir Richard Hughes stated in a dispatch to Lord Germaine
that "rebel cruisers" made the attack.
85.^
Julian Gwyn. Frigates and Foremasts. University of British Columbia. 2003. p.
56
86.^
Thomas B. Akins. (1895) History of Halifax. Dartmouth: Brook House Press.p. 82
87.^
Hannay, p. 119
88.^
Rev. W. O. Raymond
89.^
http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=2486;
Sessional papers, Volume 5 By Canada. Parliament July 2 - September 22, 1779;
Wilfred Brenton Kerr. The Maritime Provinces of British North America and the
American Revolution. p. 96
90.^
Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost sight of, was the
celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day, known as the Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid appeared
in the Nova Scotia almanacks from 1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on
or immediately after the last quarter of the moon in the month of May. The tide
being low at that time, many of the principal inhabitants of the town, on these
occasions, assembled on the shore of the North West Arm and partook of a dish
of clam soup, the clams being collected on the spot at low water. There is a
tradition that during the American troubles when agents of the revolted
colonies were active to gain over the good people of Halifax, in the year 1786,
were celebrating St. Aspinquid, the wine having been circulated freely, the
Union Jack was suddenly hauled down and replaced by the Stars and Stripes. This
was soon reversed, but all those persons who held public offices immediately
left the grounds, and St. Aspinquid was never after celebrated at Halifax. (See
Akins. History of Halifax, p. 218, note 94
91.^
Mercer, p. 232
92.^
Mercer, p. 236
93.^
Thomas B. Akins, History of Halifax City (Halifax, 1895), 137–8; Brian C.
Cuthbertson, The Loyalist Governor: Biography of Sir John Wentworth (Halifax:
Petheric, 1983), 132–4; Executive Council Minutes, 23 Nov. 1805, 161–2, vol.
191, RG1, nsarm; John George Marshall, A Brief History of Public Proceedings
and Events, Legal – Parliamentary –and Miscellaneous, in the Province of Nova
Scotia, during the Earliest Years of the Present Century (Halifax, 1879), 22–4.
94.^
Mercer, p. 235
95.^
John Boileau. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia, New England and the War of
1812. Halifax: Formac Publishing. 2005. p.53
96.^
C.H.J.Snider, Under the Red Jack: privateers of the Maritime Provinces of
Canada in the War of 1812 (London: Martin Hopkinson & Co. Ltd, 1928),
225-258 (see http://www.1812privateers.org/Ca/canada.htm#LG)
97.^
a b John Boileau. 2005. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia: New England and the
War of 1812. Formac Press
98.^
Seymour, p. 10
99.^
Tom Seymour, Tom Seymour's Maine: A Maine Anthology (2003), pp. 10-17
101.^
D.C. Harvey, "The Halifax–Castine expedition," Dalhousie Review, 18
(1938–39): 207–13.
102.^
Greg Marquis, "Mercenaries or Killer Angels? Nova Scotians in the American
Civil War," Collections of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society, 1995,
Vol. 44, pp 83-94
103.^
Greg Marquis, In Armageddon’s Shadow: The Civil War and Canada’s Maritime
Provinces . McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1998.
104.^
Marquis, In Armageddon’s Shadow
105.^
The history of the North-west rebellion of 1885: Comprising a full and ... By
Charles Pelham Mulvany, Louis Riel, p. 410
106.^
David A. Sutherland. "Halifax Encounter with the North-West Uprising of
1885". Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 13, 2010.
p. 73
107.^
Canadian War Museum (2008). "Battle of Paardeberg". Canadian War
Museum. Retrieved 2008-05-10.[dead link]
108.^
Canadian War Museum (2008). "Battle of Faber's Put". Canadian War
Museum. Retrieved 2008-05-10.[dead link]
109.^
Canadian War Museum (2008). "Battle of Leliefontein". Canadian War
Museum. Retrieved 2008-05-10.[dead link]
111.^
John Bell. Confederate Seadog: John Taylor Wood in War and Exile. McFarland
Publishers. 2002. p. 59
112.^
The Halifax Explosion and the Royal Canadian Navy John Armstrong, University of
British Columbia Press, 2002, p.10-11.
114.^
CBC - Halifax Explosion 1917
115.^
Jay White, "Exploding Myths: The Halifax Explosion in Historical
Context", Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 explosion in Halifax
Alan Ruffman and Colin D. Howell editors, Nimbus Publishing (1994), p. 266
116.^
a b The Valley Today: Independent News for the Annapolis Valley January 07
118.^
Tennyson & Sarty (2000), pp. 274-275.
121.^
"Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. Retrieved
23 January 2011.
122.^
"John Bernard Croak". National Defence and the Canadian Forces.
Retrieved 5 May 2012.
123.^
"William Hall". Veterans Canada. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
124.^
"John Chipman Kerr". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved
8 December 2010.
125.^
"James Peter Robertson". National Defence and Canadian Forces.
Retrieved 8 December 2010.
Bibliography[edit
source]
Main
article: Bibliography of Nova Scotia
Doughty,
Arthur G. (1916). The Acadian Exiles. A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline,
Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co. 178 pages
Douglas,
W. A. B. The Sea Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749-1755: A Comment on Naval Policy.
The Canadian Historical Review. Vol. XLVII, No.1. 1966. 22-37
Dunn,
Brenda, A History of Port-Royal/Annapolis Royal 1605-1800, Halifax: Nimbus,
2004 ISBN 1-55109-740-0
Edwards,
Joseph Plimsoll. The Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749-1867. Collections of the Nova
Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 17 (1913). pp. 63–110.
Faragher,
John Mack (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion
of the French Acadians from their American Homeland, New York: W.W. Norton, 562
pages ISBN 0-393-05135-8
Grenier,
John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of
Oklahoma P, 2008. pp. 154–155
John
Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma
University Press. 2008 ISBN 978-0-8061-3876-3
Griffiths,
Naomi Elizabeth Saundaus. From Migrant to Acadian: A North American border
people, 1604-1755. Montreal, Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP, 2005.
Griffiths,
E. From Migrant to Acadian. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005 ISBN
0-7735-2699-4
Griffiths,
N.E.S. (1969). The Acadian deportation: deliberate perfidy or cruel necessity?,
Toronto: Copp Clark Pub. Co., 165 p.
Johnston,
John. The Acadian Deportation in a Comparative Context: An Introduction. Royal
Nova Scotia Historical Society: The Journal. 2007. pp. 114–131
Landry,
Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1. Victoria: Trafford, 2007.
Moody,
Barry (1981). The Acadians, Toronto: Grolier. 96 pages ISBN 0-7172-1810-4
Murdoch,
Beamish. A History of Nova Scotia, Or Acadia. Vol 2. LaVergne: BiblioBazaar,
2009. pp. 166–167
Patterson,
Stephen E. 1744-1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples. In Phillip Buckner
and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Conderation: A History. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press. 1994. pp. 125–155
Patterson,
Stephen E. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in
Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D. (eds). The
Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. pp.
105–106.
Patterson,
Stephen E. 1744-1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples. In Phillip Buckner
and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Conderation: A History. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press. 1994. pp. 125–155
Rompkey,
Ronald, ed. Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax,
Nova Scotia, 1749-53. Newark: U of Delaware P, Newark, 1982.
Webster,
John Clarence. The career of the Abbé Le Loutre in Nova Scotia (Shediac, N.B.,
1933),
Wicken,
William. Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior.
University of Toronto Press. 2002.
John
G. Reid. The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal
Constructions University of Toronto Press. 2004 ISBN 0-8020-3755-0
Geoffrey
Plank, An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania. 2001 ISBN
0-8122-1869-8
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